Study Guide Unit 1

Question 1

Identify two behavioral changes in an organism due to an internal cue and due to an external cue

Answer 1

Internal cue: a lizard moving out of the sun since they’re cold blooded
External cue: agonistic behavior after seeing a mate competitor

Question 2

Identify two physiological changes in an organism due to an internal cue and due to an external cue

Answer 2

Internal cue: Hungry so the stomach releases hormones that trigger hunger
External cue: chameleons change color when they see a mate

Question 3

The different between proximate and ultimate explanations for a particular behavior.

Answer 3

The proximate cause is for the immediate stimulus and mechanism the how and what
The ultimate cause is how the behavior attributes to survivial and reproduction the WHY

Question 4

How does an organisms responses to internal changes or external cues change their behavior

Answer 4

How they respond to thirst, to hormones, to mating season, it affects if they seek water, or seek a mate

Question 5

Explain the difference between innate and learned behaviors

Answer 5

Innate is born with, imprinting, seeking of mother and nursing whereas learned are well learned in life, Pavlov style

Question 6

How can natural selection act on innate and learned behaviors?

Answer 6

Innate: Natural selection chose that birds that imprint on their mothers survive so that their offspring also have the innate ability to imprint
Learned: The birds able to learn that monarchs make them sick in comparison to other bird that eat the monarchs get sick and die

Question 7

Why would an organism behave in a way that reduces its individual fitness

Answer 7

For the survival of the next of kin, like the prairie dogs alerting drawing attention to them but allows next of kin to survive
Also for reproduction/hormonal response like the lizards that have increased testosterone which makes them lose opportunities for food but does it so he can defend his territory and find a mate

Question 8

What’s the proximate and ultimate explanations for innate behavior

Answer 8

Proximate: helps an animal with simple systems, for example following your mother for help and food
Ultimate: you follow the mother to survive and reproduce

Question 9

Proximate and ultimate explanation for learned behaviors

Answer 9

Proximate: learned behavior helps the bird sing his song
Ultimate: he does this so he can reproduce and pass on his genes

Question 10

Proximate and ultimate explanation for social behaviors

Answer 10

Proximate: helps the pack of prairie dogs recognize danger

Question 11

What is the evolutionary explanation for the emergence of agonistic and altruistic behaviors

Answer 11

these behaviors a weighed with a cost and benefit scale, while it costs energy to exhibit these behaviors or its a loss of opportunity the animal gains the opportunity to pass on genes and increase fitness

Question 12

explain the relationship between matter and energy

Answer 12

both matter and energy are conserved within a system
they contrast as matter can be in various states (liquid solid gas) whereas energy is the ability to do work or cause change

Question 13

why do atoms bond

Answer 13

atoms are trying to reach the most stable lowest energy state aka fill or drop their valence shell so they are stable

Question 14

what is the cause of molecular polarity

Answer 14

the uneven partial charge distributions between various atoms in a compound

Question 15

How does the type of bonds present in a substance influence the chemical and physical properties of that substance

Answer 15

if it is covalent then it is a strong bond and hard to break and if it is a hydrogen bond it is weak and easy to break

Question 16

how is it possible chemical reactions release energy if it takes energy for the chemical reaction?

Answer 16

energy does not ever go away so it is expended into heat or light etc

Question 17

why are radioactive elements useful for the study of biology

Answer 17

it is highly senstivir and is a direct measurement of biological phenomena

Question 18

whats the periodic number, number of valence electrons, and biological utility of sulfer

Answer 18

number: 16
valnce electrons: 6
Utility: makes amino acids

Question 19

whats the periodic number, number of valence electrons, and biological utility of phosphate

Answer 19

number: 15
valnce electrons: 5
Utility: stores and release energy via high energy bonds in ATP and is essential to build proteins and lipids

Question 20

whats the periodic number, number of valence electrons, and biological utility of oxygen

Answer 20

number: 8
valnce electrons: 6
Utility: helps organisms grow, reproduce and turn food into energy

Question 21

whats the periodic number, number of valence electrons, and biological utility of nitrogen

Answer 21

number: 8
valnce electrons: 5
Utility: it is a critical limiting element for plant growth and reproduction and is a component of chlorophyll which helps plants photosynthesize and is found in nucleic acids and amino acids

Question 22

whats the periodic number, number of valence electrons, and biological utility of carbon

Answer 22

number: 6
valnce electrons: 4
Utility: it is the building block of life

Question 23

whats the periodic number, number of valence electrons, and biological utility of hydrogen

Answer 23

number: 1
valnce electrons: 1
Utility: it help bonds compounds

Question 24

whats the difference between ionic and covalent bonds

Answer 24

WEAK HYDROGEN BONDS are ionic which is a metal + non metal these tend to be polar and are capable to be dissolved in water

STRONG COVALENT BONDS are strong and are almost always nonpolar and therefor cannot dissolve in water

Question 25

how do you know if a molecule is polar or non polar

Answer 25

if it is polar it will dissolve in water if it is non polar it will not dissolve in water

Question 26

what is the cause of radioactivity

Answer 26

when the atoms of an element have extra nuetrons or protons it creates extra energy in the nucleus and causes the atom to become unbalanced or unstable

Question 27

why are living things mostly made of water

Answer 27

because it is the universal solute so anything can be broken down in it and helps provide the body with its needs

Question 28

Property of water
COHESION
ADHESION
HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT

Answer 28

cohesion is due to the fact water is polar and therefore is capable of sticking to itself

adhesion is due to the fact water is polar and therefore is capable of sticking to other molecules

high specific heat is due to the fact the covalent bonds between the oxygen and the hydrogen are so strong it is able to dissapate heat and temperature with ease and allows water to get to high temperatures and still remain cool and in reverse get to lower temperatures and still remain warmer

Question 29

what is dissociation of water molecules

Answer 29

one water molecule in half a billion dissociates into an OH- ion by losing a proton to another wayer moleucle

Question 30

why is dissaocation of water molecules important

Answer 30

leads to acidic and basic conditions that affect life AKA pH

Question 31

how do you determine if the pH of a solution if given the concentration of hydronium or hydroxide ions

Answer 31

in acidic solutions there are more hydronium ions whereas the more hydroxide ions there are the more basic and therefore higher the pH

Question 32

why is carbon central to the structure of all biological molecules

Answer 32

it can form up to four covalent bonds between atoms or molecules

Question 33

what is an isomer

Answer 33

each of two or more compounds with the same formula but a different arrangement of the atoms in the molecule resulting in different shape and function

Question 34

what is the primpay structure of protiens

Answer 34

order of amino acids in a chain and it is determined by DNA

Question 35

what is the secondary structure of proteins

Answer 35

local folding, amino acids bond with hydrogen bonds and forms a 3D structure either helix or pleated sheets

Question 36

what is the tertiary AKA third structure

Answer 36

whole molecule folding with hydrophobic interations with hydrogen bonds and allows covalent bonds between sulfers

Question 37

quaternary AKA fourth degree structure

Answer 37

more than one polypeptide chain bonded together which is also hydrophobic interactions

Question 38

why is it signifcant that all biological systems use L - amino acids and D - sugars

Answer 38

their structures allow the molecules to perform functions that are essential to living systems

Question 39

whats a carboxyl group

Answer 39

a functional group consisting of a combination of OH and O groups attacthed to a single carbon atom, it is polar, weakly acidic and is a KEY COMPONENT IN MOLECULES LIKE FATTY ACIDS AND AMINO ACIDS

Question 41

what are r groups

Answer 41

any group in which a carbon or hydrogen atom is attatched to the rest of the molecule