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AP Bio > CHAPTER TEST: Ecology > Flashcards

CHAPTER TEST: Ecology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what factors contribute to the increase/ decrease of a population?

A

Abiotic factors: sunlight, water, nutrients,
Biotic factors: other organisms, prey, competition, predators
Intrinsic factors: adaptations

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2
Q

Compare the exponential and logarithmic models of population growth, why are they useful models for studying real world populations?

A

Exponential: without limiting factor, normally after a new environment or rebound from a catastrophe
Logarithmic: the population increases and then as it reaches carrying capacity it plateus

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3
Q

what is an ecosystem?

A

all of the organisms in a communist including the abiotic factors
TRANSFORMERS OF ENEGRY AND PROCESSES OF MATTER

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4
Q

What is needed for an ecosystem

A

capture energy
way for energy to be transferred
cycle of nutrients

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5
Q

ecosystem inputs

A

energy
nutrients

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6
Q

energy —– nutrients ——-

A

energy flows nutrients cycle

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7
Q

what is CO2 reservoir

A

the atmosphere

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8
Q

how does CO2 enter the food chain

A

photosynthesis

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9
Q

how does CO2 return to biotic

A

respiration/combustion

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10
Q

Nitrogen reservoir

A

the atmosphere

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11
Q

how does nitrogen enter food chain

A

soil and aquatic bacteria

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12
Q

how does nitrogen go back to abiotic

A

gentrifying bacteria

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13
Q

what are the trophic levels

A

producers - grass
primary consumers - antelope
secondary consumer - hyena
tertiary consumer - lion
decomposers - worms and fungi

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14
Q

As energy goes up the food chain it (decreases/increases) and why

A

decreases because energy is used not he cost of living

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15
Q

Why is the ecological pyramid a pyramid

A

as you go up the pyramid there is less energy as it used on the cost of life and therefore fewer animals can be fed on each level

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16
Q

when many food chains are linked together it is called a

A

food web

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17
Q

what does a food web provide that a food chain doesn’t

A

the interacting of many species, it’s not simply linear some animals consume many levels of different species

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18
Q

what’s a population

A

group of individuals of the SAME species in the SAME area at the SAME time

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19
Q

why do we look at population ecology

A

to understand factors that influence the size of the population so that way we can help manage them, increase, decrease, maintain, and maximize yields

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20
Q

the 3 ways to describe a population

A

population range
pattern of spacing (density)
size of the population

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21
Q

What’s population range

A

Abiotic and biotic factors, geographical limitations and habitat

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22
Q

At risk populations aka endangered species experience (in regards to range)

A

limitations to their range

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23
Q

Population spacing is

A

dispersal patterns within a population

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24
Q

population size

A

adding and removing individuals from a population
birth
death
immigration
emigration

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25
Q

what are the factors affecting population growth rate

A

sex ratio (how many females vs.males)
generation time (@ what age to females reproduce)
age structure (how many females are at a reproductive age)

26
Q

demography is..

A

factors that affect growth and decline of populations

27
Q

The trade off of survival vs reproduction

A

increase reproduction decreases survival, investments in offspring

28
Q

natural selection favors life history that maximizes ——- reproductive success

A

LIFETIME

29
Q

what does k selected mean

A

late reproduction
few offspring
invest in raising the offspring
(bears, humans, other primates)

30
Q

what does r selected mean

A

early reproduction
many offspring
little parental care
(plants, cats, dogs)

31
Q

survivorship type 1:

A

high survival most of life but sharp decrease at end (humans and the way once we hit 60-70 many issues pop up)

32
Q

survivorship type 2

A

steady decline of survival from day 1 (birds!)

33
Q

survivorship 3

A

sharp decline in survival at the beginning of life and then slow decline rest of life (clams, they put out a lot of babies but only like 3 out of TONS will survive)

34
Q

what’s the equation to calculate population growth?

A

change in population= birth-death

35
Q

Density dependent factors are

A

competition: food mates nesting sites
predators, parasites, pathogens

36
Q

density independent

A

abiotic factors, sunlight temp rainfall natural disasters

37
Q

what’s a carrying capacity

A

maximum population size that the environment can support with NO DEGREDATION of habitat

38
Q

Changes in carrying capacity are because of

A

population cycles, predator - prey interactions

39
Q

endotherms means? are they regulatory or conformers

A

warm blooded, can regulate their own body temp (homeostasis) REGULATORS

40
Q

ectotherms means? are they regulators or conformers

A

cold blooded, cannot regulate their own body temp CONFORMERS

41
Q

what’s a community

A

all the organisms that live together in a place

42
Q

what is community ecology

A

study of interactions among all populations in a common environment, (competition exclusion etc)

43
Q

what a niche

A

an organisms ecological role

44
Q

habitat= —– niche= ——

A

habitat= address niche= job

45
Q

competitive exclusion is when

A

one species is removed then another species overtakes the habitat

46
Q

“out competes” happens when

A

species 2 excludes species 1 causing species 1 to be excluding from their niche

47
Q

niche and competition are related because

A

no two similar species occupy the same niche at the same time

48
Q

Symbiotic interactions are (there are 4)

A

competition
mutualism
predation/ parasitism
commensalism

49
Q

what’s competition

A

(-/-) it is bad for both, they compete for resources, COMPETITIVE EXCLUSION

50
Q

what’s predation/parasitism

A

(-/+) bad for one good for another, like leeches, mosquitos, lions, one gets food the other gets sick or dies

51
Q

what’s mutualism

A

(+/+) good for both, like how birds rest on rhinos and eat their bugs both benefit

52
Q

what’s commensalism

A

(+/0) good for one neutral for another, barnacles on a whale

53
Q

why does predation drive evolution

A

predation provides a strong selection pressure on both prey and predator

54
Q

what are some anti-predator adaptions

A

avoid detection, camouflage, advertising how undesirable you are as prey

55
Q

what’s the difference between camouflage and cryptic coloration

A

camouflage hides the organism, cryptic coloration communicates the organism is poisonous or dangerous

56
Q

Batesian mimicry is

A

a harmless species that mimics a dangerous one aka convergent evolution (the real monarch and the not real monarch)

57
Q

mullerian mimicry

A

two or more protected species look like each other, predators learn avoidance
red on yellow,poisonus fellow; red on black safe from attack

58
Q

Coevolution in a community is

A

prey-predator relationships
parasite- host relationships
flowers- pollinator relationships

59
Q

greater diversity = (greater/worse) stability

A

greater

60
Q

keystone species

A

exert important regulating effect on other species in a community, increase diversity in a habitat VERY INFLUENTIAL ECOLOGICAL ROLE

AP Bio (6 decks)

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