CHAPTER TEST: Ecology

Question 1

what factors contribute to the increase/ decrease of a population?

Answer 1

Abiotic factors: sunlight, water, nutrients,
Biotic factors: other organisms, prey, competition, predators
Intrinsic factors: adaptations

Question 2

Compare the exponential and logarithmic models of population growth, why are they useful models for studying real world populations?

Answer 2

Exponential: without limiting factor, normally after a new environment or rebound from a catastrophe
Logarithmic: the population increases and then as it reaches carrying capacity it plateus

Question 3

what is an ecosystem?

Answer 3

all of the organisms in a communist including the abiotic factors
TRANSFORMERS OF ENEGRY AND PROCESSES OF MATTER

Question 4

What is needed for an ecosystem

Answer 4

capture energy
way for energy to be transferred
cycle of nutrients

Question 5

ecosystem inputs

Answer 5

energy
nutrients

Question 6

energy —– nutrients ——-

Answer 6

energy flows nutrients cycle

Question 7

what is CO2 reservoir

Answer 7

the atmosphere

Question 8

how does CO2 enter the food chain

Answer 8

photosynthesis

Question 9

how does CO2 return to biotic

Answer 9

respiration/combustion

Question 10

Nitrogen reservoir

Answer 10

the atmosphere

Question 11

how does nitrogen enter food chain

Answer 11

soil and aquatic bacteria

Question 12

how does nitrogen go back to abiotic

Answer 12

gentrifying bacteria

Question 13

what are the trophic levels

Answer 13

producers - grass
primary consumers - antelope
secondary consumer - hyena
tertiary consumer - lion
decomposers - worms and fungi

Question 14

As energy goes up the food chain it (decreases/increases) and why

Answer 14

decreases because energy is used not he cost of living

Question 15

Why is the ecological pyramid a pyramid

Answer 15

as you go up the pyramid there is less energy as it used on the cost of life and therefore fewer animals can be fed on each level

Question 16

when many food chains are linked together it is called a

Answer 16

food web

Question 17

what does a food web provide that a food chain doesn’t

Answer 17

the interacting of many species, it’s not simply linear some animals consume many levels of different species

Question 18

what’s a population

Answer 18

group of individuals of the SAME species in the SAME area at the SAME time

Question 19

why do we look at population ecology

Answer 19

to understand factors that influence the size of the population so that way we can help manage them, increase, decrease, maintain, and maximize yields

Question 20

the 3 ways to describe a population

Answer 20

population range
pattern of spacing (density)
size of the population

Question 21

What’s population range

Answer 21

Abiotic and biotic factors, geographical limitations and habitat

Question 22

At risk populations aka endangered species experience (in regards to range)

Answer 22

limitations to their range

Question 23

Population spacing is

Answer 23

dispersal patterns within a population

Question 24

population size

Answer 24

adding and removing individuals from a population
birth
death
immigration
emigration

Question 25

what are the factors affecting population growth rate

Answer 25

sex ratio (how many females vs.males) generation time (@ what age to females reproduce) age structure (how many females are at a reproductive age)

Question 26

demography is..

Answer 26

factors that affect growth and decline of populations

Question 27

The trade off of survival vs reproduction

Answer 27

increase reproduction decreases survival, investments in offspring

Question 28

natural selection favors life history that maximizes ------- reproductive success

Answer 28

LIFETIME

Question 29

what does k selected mean

Answer 29

late reproduction few offspring invest in raising the offspring (bears, humans, other primates)

Question 30

what does r selected mean

Answer 30

early reproduction many offspring little parental care (plants, cats, dogs)

Question 31

survivorship type 1:

Answer 31

high survival most of life but sharp decrease at end (humans and the way once we hit 60-70 many issues pop up)

Question 32

survivorship type 2

Answer 32

steady decline of survival from day 1 (birds!)

Question 33

survivorship 3

Answer 33

sharp decline in survival at the beginning of life and then slow decline rest of life (clams, they put out a lot of babies but only like 3 out of TONS will survive)

Question 34

what's the equation to calculate population growth?

Answer 34

change in population= birth-death

Question 35

Density dependent factors are

Answer 35

competition: food mates nesting sites predators, parasites, pathogens

Question 36

density independent

Answer 36

abiotic factors, sunlight temp rainfall natural disasters

Question 37

what's a carrying capacity

Answer 37

maximum population size that the environment can support with NO DEGREDATION of habitat

Question 38

Changes in carrying capacity are because of

Answer 38

population cycles, predator - prey interactions

Question 39

endotherms means? are they regulatory or conformers

Answer 39

warm blooded, can regulate their own body temp (homeostasis) REGULATORS

Question 40

ectotherms means? are they regulators or conformers

Answer 40

cold blooded, cannot regulate their own body temp CONFORMERS

Question 41

what's a community

Answer 41

all the organisms that live together in a place

Question 42

what is community ecology

Answer 42

study of interactions among all populations in a common environment, (competition exclusion etc)

Question 43

what a niche

Answer 43

an organisms ecological role

Question 44

habitat= ----- niche= ------

Answer 44

habitat= address niche= job

Question 45

competitive exclusion is when

Answer 45

one species is removed then another species overtakes the habitat

Question 46

"out competes" happens when

Answer 46

species 2 excludes species 1 causing species 1 to be excluding from their niche

Question 47

niche and competition are related because

Answer 47

no two similar species occupy the same niche at the same time

Question 48

Symbiotic interactions are (there are 4)

Answer 48

competition mutualism predation/ parasitism commensalism

Question 49

what's competition

Answer 49

(-/-) it is bad for both, they compete for resources, COMPETITIVE EXCLUSION

Question 50

what's predation/parasitism

Answer 50

(-/+) bad for one good for another, like leeches, mosquitos, lions, one gets food the other gets sick or dies

Question 51

what's mutualism

Answer 51

(+/+) good for both, like how birds rest on rhinos and eat their bugs both benefit

Question 52

what's commensalism

Answer 52

(+/0) good for one neutral for another, barnacles on a whale

Question 53

why does predation drive evolution

Answer 53

predation provides a strong selection pressure on both prey and predator

Question 54

what are some anti-predator adaptions

Answer 54

avoid detection, camouflage, advertising how undesirable you are as prey

Question 55

what's the difference between camouflage and cryptic coloration

Answer 55

camouflage hides the organism, cryptic coloration communicates the organism is poisonous or dangerous

Question 56

Batesian mimicry is

Answer 56

a harmless species that mimics a dangerous one aka convergent evolution (the real monarch and the not real monarch)

Question 57

mullerian mimicry

Answer 57

two or more protected species look like each other, predators learn avoidance red on yellow,poisonus fellow; red on black safe from attack

Question 58

Coevolution in a community is

Answer 58

prey-predator relationships parasite- host relationships flowers- pollinator relationships

Question 59

greater diversity = (greater/worse) stability

Answer 59

greater

Question 60

keystone species

Answer 60

exert important regulating effect on other species in a community, increase diversity in a habitat VERY INFLUENTIAL ECOLOGICAL ROLE