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Investigative 320 > Study Guide Terms > Flashcards

Study Guide Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Edged Weapons Wound Types (4)

A

1) incision: clean/straight
2) laceration: messy tearing
3) abrasion: friction wound/scrape
4) puncture: deep/stabbing

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2
Q

Requirements for Search Warrant (3)

A

1) statement of probable cause
2) affidavit
3) purpose

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3
Q

Corpus Delecti

A

body of crime (proof a crime was committed)

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4
Q

Actus Reus

A

physical act (committing the crime)

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5
Q

Mens Rea

A

mental state of defendant at time of crime

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6
Q

Plain View Doctrine

A

4th amendment exception allows officer to seize evidence that is in plain view (during lawful encounter)

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7
Q

Trier of Fact

A

person/group who determines factual issues in court (ex. jury)

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8
Q

Bow Street Runners

A

volunteer vigilantes recovered stolen property
-founded by Henry Fielding and later adjusted by John Fielding

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8
Q

Curtilage

A

area of land surrounding home still protected by 4th amendment

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9
Q

Voluntary Consent

A

willing cooperation of citizen
-officer must make it clear they are not being held

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10
Q

Anthropometry

A

Alphonse Bertillion
(def) use of measurements of human body for criminal identification

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11
Q

Sir Francis Galton

A

introduced concept of fingerprinting

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12
Q

Allen Pinkerton

A

founded first private detective agency

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13
Q

Calvin Goddard

A

bureau of forensic ballistics and used ballistics to solve crime

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14
Q

Edmund Locard

A

established first crime lab

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15
Q

August Vollmer

A

created record system of criminals to organize investigations

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16
Q

Solvability Factors (def)

A

information gathered to lead to offender

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17
Q

Triangulation vs Baseline

A

(def) techniques for measuring crime scenes
Triangulation: measures from various set angles
Baseline: measures off one straight line

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18
Q

Rigor Mortis, Algor Mortis, and Lividity (def)

A

Rigor: muscles stiffening post mortem
Algor: fluctuating body temp post mortem
Lividity: skin discoloration post mortem

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19
Q

Putrefaction

A

process of organic matter decaying

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20
Q

What is the standard of proof in a criminal case?

A

defendant must be found guilty “beyond a reasonable doubt”

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21
Q

features of contact wounds from firearms (2)

A

1) abrasion ring
2) stippling/tattooing

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22
Q

4th Amendment + Exceptions

A

(def) protects against warrantless searches and seizures
Exceptions: vehicles, public school, govt buildings,
inevitable discovery, exigent circumstances

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23
Q

features of defensive wounds

A

(def) injury clearly caused by self defense
-usually shallow cuts on hands/arms

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24
Q

CIA of investigations? (not the agency)

A

C - committed (establish if a crime has occurred)
I - identify suspects
A - associate suspects to scene

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25
Q

Criminalistics/Forensics

A

use of science as an investigative tool (Hans Gross)

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25
Q

Types of Evidence/Def (8)

A

1) Tangible: undetected by naked eye
2) Physical: seen/holdable
3) Testimonial: witness account
4) Documentary: written, filmed, etc.
5) Transient: able to be disappear (ex. blood in rain)
6) Trace: small fibers (ex. hair)
7) Impression: marks left behind (ex. shoe prints)
8) Biological: DNA evidence (ex. blood/body fluid)

26
Q

Types of Asphyxiation (3)

A

(def) lack of oxygen to brain
1) strangulation
2) choking
3) drowning

27
Q

nDNA vs mtDNA

A

nDNA: removal of DNA strands from cells
mtDNA: removal of DNA w/out skin cells (ex. hair fiber)

28
Q

Frye Test

A

all science that is generally accepted holds in court

29
Q

Daubert Test

A

forensic science must be testable/replicable to be accepted in court

30
Q

Toxicology

A

study of chemical affects on the body (M. Orfila)

31
Q

Tool Marks

A

striation marks typically found on locked items (ex. doors, safes)

32
Q

Types of Wounds (5)

A

1) Contusion (bruise)
2) Abrasion (scrape)
3) Avulsion (tear)
4) Incision (clean cut)
5) Artifacts (large tear)

33
Q

Standing (legal def)

A

defendant has standing in court if their rights were violated during arrest or search/seizure

34
Q

Class vs Individual Characteristics

A

Class: commonality of different pieces of evidence
Individual: evidence specific to a person, place, or thing

35
Q

Investigative Lead vs Criminal Intelligence

A

Investigative Lead: info used for achieving goals/solving cases
Criminal Intelligence: info gathered for knowledge of crime related activity

36
Q

Maryland v. Buie

A

after arrest the house was searched “for other people” and evidence in plain view was seized (used in trial) (exigent circumstance = cop could have been in danger if there was someone else in home)

37
Q

California v. Greenwood

A

trash left out for pickup has no expectation of privacy

38
Q

Carroll v. US

A

vehicle searches require probable cause (no warrant)

39
Q

WV v. Flippo

A

crime scenes are not their own exceptions to search warrant (can use other exceptions to enter)

40
Q

Illinois v. Gates

A

determined anonymous tips did not count as probable cause for obtaining a search warrant

41
Q

US v. Leon

A

exclusionary rule does not apply to evidence obtained by officers acting in good faith

42
Q

NY v. Quarles

A

Miranda rights must be stated before suspects answers are admitted to evidence

43
Q

NY v. Belton

A

during lawful arrest you may search suspects car w/out warrant

44
Q

What is learned from glass evidence? (3)

A
  • point of origin of bullet
  • cause of breakage (ex. bullet)
  • order of impact
45
Q

Classifications of Murders (4)

A

1) Individual
2) mass
3) serial
4) spree

46
Q

Locard’s Principle

A

every contact leaves trace evidence

47
Q

Suicides: how and where are the majority of wounds

A

made with revolvers to head

48
Q

What is the chain of custody/why is it important

A

documentation of where evidence has gone, ensures validity/authenticity of evidence

49
Q

AFIS

A

automated fingerprint ID system, used to ID criminals

50
Q

CODIS

A

combines DNA index system, stores/compares DNA of convicted

51
Q

how is the 4th amendment enforced/upheld

A

evidence obtained through violation is inadmissible in court

52
Q

what is the legal standard of proof to obtain a search warrant

A

probable cause

53
Q

Questioned Evidence vs Questioned Documents

A

Evidence: source/authenticity is unreliable
Documents: false/forged (used in financial crimes)

54
Q

Elimination Sample

A

samples of normal conditions (ex. victims fingerprints)

55
Q

Visible vs Plastic Prints

A

Visible: seen w/ naked eye
Plastic: 3D impression

56
Q

Ballistics Evidence (def)

A

characteristics of a fired weapon (powder on surrounding area, inside/outside of weapon, etc.)

57
Q

Minutiae (in fingerprints)

A

location of the discontinuation of ridges

58
Q

Control Sample

A

taken at scene to test against possible evidence for alteration, contamination, or comparison (ex. dirt)

59
Q

What is the purpose of the staging area in crime scenes?

A

-

60
Q

What is the legal standard to make a stop?

A

Reasonable suspicion (ex. erratic driving = drunk driver?)

61
Q

Rules of a Lineup (3)

A

1) provide witness instructions
2) conduct lineup w/ ONE suspect per group
3) be aware of legal issues (ex. volunteers in lineup are not protected by 5/6 amendments)

62
Q

Requirements for Proving
1) First Degree Murder
2) Second Degree Murder
3) Manslaughter

A

1) intent and planning
2) intent but no planning (ex. killing abuser in self defense)
3) avoidable accident (ex. killing someone when driving drunk)

63
Q

What is learned from skeletal remains? (5)

A

1) age
2) ethnicity
3) gender
4) identity
5) cause of death

64
Q

When must miranda warnings be given?

A

immediately before interrogation

65
Q

Investigative Stages (4)

A

1) crime detection
2) preliminary investigation
3) follow up investigation
4) case preparation/prosecution

Investigative 320 (2 decks)

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