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Investigative 320 > Semester One > Flashcards

Semester One Flashcards

1
Q

Scotland Yard
-founder & purpose

A

first police force (London)
-founded by Robert Peele

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1
Q

Bow Street Runners
-founders & purpose

A

organized volunteers, recovered stolen property
-led by Henry and John Fielding

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2
Q

Anthropometry

A

use of measurements of human body for criminal identification (Alphonse Bertillion)

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3
Q

Criminalistics or Criminal Investigation

A

process/use of science as an investigative tool (Hans Gross)

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4
Q

Prescientific Period

A

informal law enforcement activities
-led to creation of local, state, and federal agencies

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5
Q

Agencies Founded in the Prescientific Period (4)

A

1) US secret service
2) FBI
3) Bureau of Prohibition
4) DEA

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6
Q

Scientific Period (1920s)

A
  • began with the first investigative crime lab
    -included work from Edmond Locard, Calvin Goddard, & J. Edgar Hoover
    • Advances: glass fragmentation, blood spatters, trace evidence
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7
Q

Edmond Locard

A

established first crime lab (France)

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8
Q

Calvin Goddard

A

created lab: Bureau of Forensic Ballistics

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9
Q

J. Edgar Hoover

A

first FBI director and included use of science in agency
- began fingerprint files

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10
Q

Technological Period (1960s)

A

marked by the addition of computers and large scale databases to criminal investigations
-including NCIC, AFIS, DNA, CODIS, DHS

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11
Q

Name the Agencies/Purpose
-NCIC, AFIS, CODIS, DHS

A

1) National Crime Info Center: rapid exchange of info between agencies, including missing persons and criminal info
2) Automated Fingerprint ID System: criminal identification
3) Combined DNA Index System: stores and compares DNA evidence with convicted offenders
4) Department of Homeland Security: improve security of US (ex. boarder control, disaster response, cybersecurity)

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12
Q

Corpus Delecti

A

body of crime; investigators must prove a crime has been committed

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13
Q

Elements of a Crime

A

crime must be factually supported with evidence

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14
Q

4th Amendment

A

protects against unreasonable searches and seizures

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15
Q

Actus Reus

A

act of crime; performing or failing to act to prevent a crime

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16
Q

Mens Rea

A

suspects mental state during act of crime

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17
Q

Search vs Seizure

A

Search: govt. intrudes upon ones reasonable expectation of privacy
Seizure: interference w/ ones property

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18
Q

Reasonable Expectation of Privacy

A
  • does not exist if exposed to the public
  • does exist in homes, private property
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19
Q

Resonable Suspicion

A

specific facts that lead an officer to believe a crime has been/will be committed

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20
Q

Probable Cause

A

facts that would lead a reasonable person to believe a crime has been/is being committed

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21
Q

Voluntary Contacts

A

conversational & unrequired interview
officer must…
-limit actions to avoid seizures
-use non-confrontational language
-not frisk/search unless given
permission
-allow citizen to leave

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21
Q

Arrest

A

seizure for the purpose of criminal prosecution
-complete when suspect is abiding by commands or restrained

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22
Q

Exceptions to Search Warrant

A
  • exigent circumstances (someone could die/be injured)
    -consent
    -plain view doctrine
    -public schools, govt. offices, prisons
    -drug testing
    -automobiles
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23
Q

Types of Evidence (4)

A

1) physical/real evidence (ex. small fibers like hair)
2) tangible (physical, can be held)
3) testimonial (spoken words)
4) documentary (written, printed, reported, or recorded)

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24
Q

Law

A

understanding of legal requirements of specific crimes

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25
Q

Ethics

A

aware of consequences to their actions w/ case involvement
-requires factual and accurate documentation

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26
Q

Economics

A

decision making requiring cost-benefit analysis of case resolution

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27
Q

Investigative Team Roles (8)

A

1) Crime Scene Tech: evidence search/collection
2) Photographer: capture evidence
3) Dispatcher: communication
4) Patrol Officer: first responder on scene
5) Criminalist: scientist trained in bio/chem
6) Forensic Scientist: analyze evidence
7) Confidential Informant: provides info
8) Other: EMT, firefighters, K9 teams, etc.

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28
Q

Objectives of Criminal Investigation (CIA - not the agency)

A

C - establish if a crime was Committed
I - identify suspects involved
A - associate suspects, victims, and scene

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29
Q

Investigative Stages (4)

A

1) Crime Detection
2) Preliminary Investigation
3) Follow-Up Investigation
4) Case Prep/Prosecution

30
Q

First Responders Role

A

-keep scene controlled/preserved (comings and goings, people involved)
-assess initial scene, observe surroundings (ppl fleeing)

31
Q

Survey Phase: processing the crime scene

A

-note locations of evidence
-establish order of collection
-note conditions (weather, lighting, etc)
-photograph (include scales/angles)
-scene sketch (note locations, distances)

31
Q

Measurements

A

-Rectangular: 2 fixed points (best indoors)
-Triangulation: taken from various angles, most precise
-Baseline: straight line
-Polar: datum point (central), used in large outdoor space
-Total Station: uses electronic distance meter/imaging

32
Q

Search Methods (5)

A

1) Line or Strip
2) Grid
3) Spiral (goes inside-out)
4) Link (searches paths most likely to contain evidence)
5) Zone (artificially constructed)

33
Q

Classifying Evidence (5)

A

1) Trace: objects undetectable to naked eye
2) Impression: objects that cause an image of itself
3) Biological: bodily fluids/tissues
4) Firearms/Weapons
5) Documents: paper, electronic, other physical

34
Q

Class Characteristics (of physical evidence)

A

what individual pieces have in common

35
Q

Individual Characteristics (of physical evidence)

A

evidence is specific to a person, place, or thing

36
Q

Locard’s Exchange Principal

A

every contact leaves a trace
-cross contamination: unwanted transfer of physical evidence

37
Q

Reference, Control, and Elimination Samples (def)

A

Reference: taken from reliable source (ex. soil from scene; for later comparison)
Control: uncontaminated/blank to be compared to samples that have been altered by criminal act
Elimination: ex. fingerprints of residents who are victim of burglary

38
Q

Fingerprints (types, capturing, residue vs void)

A

anyone who touches evidence must give prints
- 3 Types: arch, loop, whorl
-ID: visible, plastic (3D), Latent (need aid to see)
-Capturing prints: powder, iodine fuming, etc.
-Residue Print: shoe, facial, makeup
-Void Print: snow, mud, tires, etc.

39
Q

Tool Mark Evidence

A

Striation Marks: found on windows, doors, locked items

40
Q

Firearm Evidence

A

-Firearms: weapon type, size, model, manufacturer
-Ballistics: characteristics of weapon after firing
-Ammunition: all bullets (fired/unfired) & location of fired bullets (entrance/exit)
-Gunshot Residue: found where gun was shot (on hands, clothing, surrounding area)

41
Q

Presumptive Test

A

determines if evidence is blood

41
Q

Blood Spatter Types (3)

A

1) Low Velocity: created naturally by gravity (dripping)
2) Medium Velocity: cause by blunt force trauma (projected)
3) High Velocity: caused by gunshot (fine mist/small drops)

42
Q

Investigative Lead

A

info that can be obtained and used for achieving investigative goals

43
Q

Criminal Intelligence

A

info gathered from leads/sources thats been analyzed for knowledge of crime related activities

44
Q

Surveillance Steps (5)

A

1) Identification of suspects
2) Identification of witnesses
3) Corroborate information
4) Provide security for undercover operations
5) Establish probable cause to obtain warrants

45
Q

Surveillance Types (3)

A

1) Static: stakeout, observing target from a fixed location
2) Mobile: on foot, in vehicles, or use of tracking devices
3) Combined

46
Q

Methods of Countersurveillance (5)

A

1) sudden moves
2) traveling in circles
3) using setups
4) asking questions
5) having decoys/convoys

47
Q

Informant Types (3)

A

1) Anonymous: provides tips/leads without identifying themselves
2) In-Custody: provide info in exchange for money, protection, or legal consideration
3) persons involved in/know of criminal activity

47
Q

Tactical vs Strategic (Criminal Intelligence)

A

Tactical: used to identify/solve an immediate crime
Strategic: develop longterm big picture of specific crime problem

48
Q

Evidential vs Operational (Criminal Intelligence)

A

Evidential: gathering info from current evidence that can lead to discovery of other evidence
Operational: focuses on specific large-scale criminal activity to get detailed info on specific crime

49
Q

Analytic Methods (8)

A

1) Geoprofiling
2) Crime Pattern
3) Net Worth & Financial
4) Telephone Record
5) Event Flow
6) Commodity Flow
7) Visual Investigative
8) Threat and Vulnerability

50
Q

Criminal Profiling (4 Types)

A

1) Organized: demonstrated control
2) Disorganized: impulsive, typically low intelligence/socially withdrawn
3) Mixed: organized/disorganized characteristics
4) Atypical

51
Q

Profiling Serial Offenders (3 behaviors)

A

1) Theme: consistent behavior patterns observed in 2 or more signatures
2) Signature: behavior unnecessary to completing criminal act (ex. leaving smth behind)
3) Modus Operandi: behavior that is not necessary to complete the criminal act (particular method)

51
Q

Altered Crime Scene (4 examples)

A

1) souvenirs
2) trophies
3) staging
4) undoing

52
Q

Toxicology

A

studies physical/behavioral affects of poisons on body

52
Q

Frye & Daubert Tests

A

Frye: any science is recognized by a court as legitimate as long as it is a generally accepted standard
Daubert: for a court to recognize forensic science it must be testable, establish error rates, peer reviewed, & accepted by experts

52
Q

Serology

A

analyses blood stains and performs testing (for blood type)

53
Q

Arson & Explosives

A

fire/explosives evidence, examines burnt/destroyed objects

54
Q

Trace Evidence

A

small sized fragments (ex. hair, glass, paint chips, etc)

55
Q

Questioned Documents

A

false documents that assist in financial crimes

56
Q

nDNA (nucleal DNA)

A

considered a genetic fingerprint which contains codes/instructions for the body to create/sustain itself

57
Q

Forensic Science Types (5)

A

1) Forensic Pathology: cause of death
2) Forensic Anthropology: identify human remains
3) Forensic Entomology: study of insects
4) Forensic Psychology/Psychiatry: mental abilities & personality traits
5) Digital Forensic Sci.: electronic crimes

58
Q

1st Degree Murder

A

death resulted from deliberate, intentional, and premeditated killing (planned)

58
Q

Murder vs Manslaughter

A

Murder: unlawful killing w/ malice/aforethought
Manslaughter: unlawful killing w/out malice/aforethought

59
Q

2nd Degree Murder

A

death resulted in deliberate/intentional act w/out premeditation (in the moment)

60
Q

Involuntary Manslaughter

A

involved neither planning/intent (ex. car accident)

60
Q

Voluntary Manslaughter

A

intentional killing that results from provocation from victim (ex. father killing daughters abuser)

61
Q

Justified Homicide

A

death of person killed as a result of their own intention but at anothers hand

62
Q

Excusable Homicide

A

accidents where victims are responsible for their own death or a person is killed under legal and unavoidable circumstances

63
Q

Postmortem Indicators (4)

A

1) Corneal Clouding
2) Livor Mortis: discoloration of skin (immediate)
3) Rigor Mortis: stiffening of body (brief period)
4) Algor Mortis: cooling/warming of body

64
Q

Bullet Wounds (6)

A

1) Entry/Exit
2) Abrasion Ring (around entry)
3) Stippling/Tattooing: unburnt powder on skin
4) Bullet Wipe: material deposited by bullet by contact
5) Bullet Track: path of travel in the body
6) Contact Wound: gun imprint on skin

65
Q

What can be determined by entry/exit wounds? (3)

A

1) Shooting distance
2) type of weapon
3) trajectory (path)

66
Q

Blunt Force Trauma (3 characteristics)

A

1) Contusions: bruising of skin in areas where force is applied
2) Avulsions: ripping or tearing of the skin
3) Artifacts portions of skin torn from body

67
Q

Homicide Typologies (10)

A

1) contract
2) gang
3) kidnap
4) drug related
5) insurance inheritance
6) erotomania
7) domestic
8) authority
9) extremist
10) serial

Investigative 320 (2 decks)

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