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physiology test 3 > study guide small intestine > Flashcards

study guide small intestine Flashcards

1
Q

dietary carbs are composed of ?

A

polysaccharides and disaccharides

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2
Q

give an example of a polysaccharide?

A

starches

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3
Q

give an example of a disaccharide?

A

sucrose and lactose

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4
Q

enterocytes can only absorb what?

A

monosaccharides

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5
Q

a monosaccharide is also termed a?

A

simple sugar

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6
Q

give examples of simple sugars?

A

glucose
galactose
fructose

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7
Q

in the small intestine, on the surface of the brush border, digestion of starches begins in where? with what?

A

in the oral cavity

with salivary amylase

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8
Q

in the small intestine, on the surface of the brush border, digestion of starches ends where? with what?

A

duodenum

pancreatic amylase

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9
Q

describe how amylase creates disaccharides, trisaccharides, and oligosaccharides?

A

amylase cleaves internal bonds of polysaccharides forming these components

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10
Q

amylase cleaves internal bonds of polysaccharides forming fragments known as what?

A

disaccharides
trisaccharides
oligosaccharides

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11
Q

what enzyme digest disaccharides and oligosaccharides into monosaccharides? where does this occur?

A

hydrolase

brush border

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12
Q

are monosaccharides water soluble or not?

A

they are water soluble

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13
Q

what does it mean that monosaccharides are water soluble?

A

requires them to have assistance to cross the plasma membrane of the enterocytes by active transport proteins.

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14
Q

lipids are almost entirely _____ in water, meaning they will do what in water?

A

insoluble

aggregate together

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15
Q

what is the first step for lipid digestion?

A

emulsification

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16
Q

what is emulsification?

A

a mechanical process producing a suspension of fine lipid droplets

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17
Q

what helps the small intestine with emulsification of the lipids?

A

bile salts

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18
Q

bile salts are released by?

A

the liver

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19
Q

following emulsification, lipids are then chemically digested by what? where?

A

lipase

brush border of the small intestine

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20
Q

name two other lipases that aid in lipid digestion?

A

phospholipase and cholesterol esterase

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21
Q

phospholipase hydrolyzes what?

A

phospholipids

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22
Q

cholesterol esterase breaks down what?

A

esters in cholesterol

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23
Q

proteins in the small intestine must be digested into what? for what?

A

tripeptides
dipeptides
and individual amino acids
for transport into enterocytes

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24
Q

the digestion of proteins begins in the __________. Where what happens?

A

stomach

where the acidic environment can hydrolyze peptide bonds

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25
Q

chief cells release what?

A

pepsinogen

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26
Q

pepsinogen is activated how? into what?

A

activated by a low pH

pepsin

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27
Q

why is pepsinogen released in an inactive form?

A

to protect organs

28
Q

once pepsin is activated it can do what?

A

digest the target

29
Q

premature activation of pepsin can cause what?

A

damage of our intestinal lining and stomach lining

30
Q

what does pepsin hydrolyze in proteins?

A

the peptide bond following aromatic amino acids

31
Q

name three aromatic amino acids

A

phenylanine
tryptophane
tyrosine

32
Q

more complex digestion of proteins requires an additional _________ released by the _______.

A

protease

pancreas

33
Q

pancreatic proteases are released as inactive precursors known as __________ which are converted tot he active form ___________, which in return activates all other pancreatic proteases.

A

trypsinogen

trypsin

34
Q

final digestion of the resulting oligopeptides occurs at the brush border by _________ .

A

proteases

35
Q

protease digestion of oligopeptides, produces?

A

tripeptides
dipeptides
and individual amino acids

36
Q

the dipeptides, tripeptides, and individual amino acids are transported back into the cell by secondary transporters with what?

A

sodium or coupled with proton symporters

37
Q

dipeptides and tripeptides are digested by what into individual amino acids?

A

systolic peptidases

38
Q

where is the major site for water and electrolyte absorption?

A

small intestine

39
Q

water absorption is ______ and occurs via paracellular route known as _____

A

passive

aquaporins

40
Q

water can move in both directions across the mucosa depending on?

A

osmotic gradient

41
Q

duodenum and jejunum tight junctions are leaky but become progressively tighter in the _____ or _____.

A

ileum or colon

42
Q

depending on the intestinal contents, osmolarity of the duodenal contents may be?

A

hypertonic

hypotonic

43
Q

by the time the contents enter the jejunum, the content’s osmolarity is similar to ?

A

plasma

44
Q

sodium is absorbed mainly how in the small intestine?

A

transcellular traveling through the cell passing through apical and basolateral membranes

45
Q

sodium potassium ATPase has a basolateral membrane , and maintains a ________ intracellular concentration of sodium. why?

A

low

allowing for luminal sodium to enter the enterocyte

46
Q

sodium transport is coupled with?

A

glucose and amino acids

47
Q

a diet high in _______ could inadvertently drive sodium reabsorption?

A

glucose

thing of patients with HTN dash diet, limit sugar

48
Q

some sodium and chloride ions are absorbed through the __________ route

A

paracellular

49
Q

quadions are reabsorbed through the ________ ______.

A

antiporter exchanger

50
Q

following quadions being reabsorbed into the antiporter exchanger, then ______ ions are secreted into the lumen.

A

bicarbonate

51
Q

bicarbonate acts to protect epithelial cells in most proximal sections of the ?

A

duodenum

52
Q

the movement of electrolytes and nutrients from the intestinal lumen back into the blood creates what? which helps with what?

A

osmotic gradiant that drives water absorption

helps contents to pass more freely

53
Q

fluid and electrolytes secretions act to protect the mucosal layer by?

A

flushing bacterial products and toxins away from epithelial cells

54
Q

although the net movement of water and electrolytes in the small intestin is primarily absorptive, electrolyte secretion can occur. give an example

A

some potassium is secreted through potassium channels into the intestinal lumen

55
Q

chloride ions are secreted into the intestinal lumen via?

A

chloride channels located in the apical membrane

56
Q

the movement of negatively charged ions provides an electrical gradiant in which, ___ ions are also secreted through a paracellular route

A

sodium

57
Q

numerous ________ and paracine signaling molecules stimulate fluid and electrolyte secretion in both healthy individuals as well as those suffering from a disease

A

neural

58
Q

intestinal smooth muscle in the muscularis layer, mix chyme with what?

A

pancreatic bile and intestinal secretions

59
Q

intestinal smooth muscle in the muscularis layer propel food through the small intestine in two different ways, name them?

A

segmentation contractions

peristaltic waves

60
Q

segmentation contractions describe them?

A

nonadjacent segments of the intestine rhytmically contract and relax moving food in both directions, mixing intestinal contents with cell secretions.

61
Q

segmentation ______ transit, increasing ____ time.

A

slow transit, increasing contact time between the chyme and epithelial cells allowing for absorption to occur.

62
Q

peristaltic waves describe?

A

adjacent segments of intestinal alternatively contract and relax, propelling the food forward along the track

63
Q

peristalsis occurs _______ in the digestive process. why

A

late

after most nutrients have been absorbed.

64
Q

name for functions of the large intestine/

A

complete digestion
absorb most of the remaining water and electrolytes
secrete mucus
store the unabsorbed material until it can be eliminated from the body

65
Q

describe how the wall of the large intestine differs from the small intestine?

A

few folds
no villi
virtually no cells that secrete digestive enzymes
large number of goblet cells which secrete mucus

66
Q

little digestion occurs in the large intestine, but name one that does.

A

small amounts of digestion by the intestinal microbial flora.

67
Q

water absorption in the large intestine is coupled to?

A

electrolytes, particularly sodium and chloride movement

physiology test 3 (11 decks)

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