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Pathophys: Unit 2 Exam > Study Guide Questions > Flashcards

Study Guide Questions Flashcards

1
Q

Intracellular fluid volume: ___. Extracellular fluid volume: ___. Interstitial fluid volume: ___.

A

28L
15L
4.5L

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2
Q

Intracellular fluid components: ________.

Extracellular fluid components: ________(4).

A

water
blood/intravascular fluid, interstitial fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, transcellular fluid

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3
Q

Differences in adult, pediatric and elderly fluid compartments: adults = _________, elderly = _____, children = _____.

A

~60% men, 45% women
sig. less, sig. less

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4
Q

Focus on proportion of water and blood to body weight in healthy male adult body: _____ ~60%, _____ ~4%, _____ ~15%, _____ ~1%.

A

water
blood
interstitial fluid
transcellular fluid

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5
Q

Higher ______ in infants causes increased need for _____.

A

metabolic rates; water

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6
Q

______ controls the amount of fluid leaving the body in the urine.

A

ADH

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7
Q

_____ promotes reabsorption of water into the blood from the kidney tubules.

A

ADH

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8
Q

_________ determines the reabsorption of both sodium ions and water from the kidney tubules.

A

Aldosterone

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9
Q

_______ conserves more fluid when there is a fluid deficit in the body.

A

Aldosterone

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10
Q

____________ and ___________ are released by the cardiac muscle fibers in response to increased pressure within the cardiac chambers, stimulate the elimination of water and sodium in the urine to prevent salt-induced hypertension. (ADH, aldosterone etc.)

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)

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11
Q

Fluid constantly circulates throughout the body and moves relatively freely, depending on the permeability of the membranes between compartments, by the process of ______ or ______.

A

filtration or osmosis

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12
Q

______ is the movement of water and solutes from blood (high pressure) to ISF (low pressure) area.

A

Filtration

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13
Q

______ is the movement of solutes from high concentration to low concentration.

A

Diffusion

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14
Q

______ is the movement of water from low solute concentration (ISF) to high concentration (blood).

A

Osmosis

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15
Q

Elevated osmotic pressure of blood above normal water shifts from _____ to the _____.

A

interstitial compartment, blood

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16
Q

Deficit of plasma proteins would cause ______ osmotic pressure

A

decreased

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17
Q

_____ is the movement of solutes using carrier and energy from low concentration (ISF) to high concentration (cell).

A

Active transport

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18
Q

_____ refers to an excessive amount of fluid in the interstitial compartment which causes a swelling or enlargement of tissues.

A

Edema

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19
Q

Edema caused by increased or decreased__________; this usually causes ______ edema and may result from an inflammatory response or infection.

A

capillary permeability, localized

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20
Q

__________ refers to a situation in which fluid shifts out of the body into a body cavity or tissue where it is not longer _____ fluid. The result of this shift is a fluid _____ in the vascular compartment (hypovolemia) and a fluid _____ in the interstitial space.

A

Third spacing, circulating; deficit, excess

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21
Q

_____________ is fluid loss which is immeasurable and invisible; i.e., perspiration and expiration.

A

Insensible fluid loss

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22
Q

Causes of _________ include losses excessive sweating/vomiting/diarrhea, use of certain diuretic drugs, hormonal imbalances, early chronic renal failure, excessive water intake.

A

hyponatremia

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23
Q

______________ causes: renal failure, prolonged vomiting, aldosterone insufficiency, prolonged diarrhea, excessive sweating.

A

Hyponatremia

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24
Q

Any abnormal levels of __________ in the blood can cause cardiac arrhythmias

A

potassium

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25
Q

____________ can cause muscle twitching and weak cardiac contractions

A

Hypocalcemia

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26
Q

Decompensated metabolic acidosis: pH above or below normal range?

A

Below

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27
Q

Excessive lactic acid causes bicarbonate ion levels to decrease or increase?

A

Decrease

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28
Q

Ratio of carbonic acid to bicarbonate?

A

1:20

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29
Q

Role of the ______ and the _____ help maintain balance of carbonic acid and bicarbonate ion levels—buffer system helps maintain serum pH

A

kidneys, lungs; buffer system

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30
Q

Abnormally slow respirations have what effect on carbonic acid levels?

A

Decreased pH, respiratory acidosis

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31
Q

______ are the slowest but most effective control for acid base balance.

A

Kidneys

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32
Q

If there is an excess of hydrogen ions in the blood, does pH go up or down or does it remain constant?

A

Down

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33
Q

Prolonged diarrhea would cause metabolic alkalosis or acidosis?

A

Metabolic acidosis

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34
Q

__________ such as the humerus and femur consist of long, hollow shaft with two bulbous ends.

A

Long bones

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35
Q

__________ are generally square-like in shape and are found in the wrist and ankle.

A

Short bones

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36
Q

__________ occur in the skull and are relatively thin and often curved.

A

Flat bones

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37
Q

____________ which have many projections and vary in shape are represented by the vertebrae and the mandible.

A

Irregular bones

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38
Q

_______________ tissue is formed when many Haversian systems are tightly packed together, producing a strong, rigid structure that forms the outer covering of bones.

A

Compact bone

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39
Q

_______________ represented by the sutures in the skull are immovable joints.

A

Synarthroses

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40
Q

____________ slightly moveable joints are joints in which the bones are connected by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage (junction of ribs, sternum, or symphysis pubis).

A

Amphiarthroses

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41
Q

____________ or _________ joints are freely movable joints and are the most common type of joint in the body.

A

Diarthroses or synovial

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42
Q

A muscle is stimulated to contract when an __________ impulse is conducted along a ______________ to a muscle; the ______ of the motor nerve branches as it penetrates a muscle so that each muscle fiber in the muscle receives a _______ to contract at the same time.

A

efferent, motor neuron; axon, stimulus

43
Q

The motor neuron of the spinal cord and all the muscle fibers it stimulates are referred to as the ____________.

A

motor unit

44
Q

At the ________ junction, where the synapse between the end of the motor nerve and the receptor site in the muscle fiber is located, the chemical transmitter _________ is released, binds with __________ receptors.

A

neuromuscular; acetylcholine, Nicotinic II

45
Q

__________________: characterized by degeneration of articulating cartilage in large joints; pain results from increased weight-bearing and activity; movement limited by osteophytes and irregular cartilage surface; can affect healthy joints by caused by patient exerting stress on normal joints to protect damaged ones

A

Osteoarthritis

46
Q

_________________: involves bilateral small joints first, symmetrical progression to other joints; autoimmune condition causing a systemic inflammatory disorder

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

47
Q

____________: predisposing factors are sedentary lifestyle, long-term intake of glucocorticoids, calcium deficit: therapeutic measures include dietary supplements of calcium and Vitamin D

A

Osteoporosis

48
Q

__________: characterized by difficulty climbing stairs or standing up at 2 or 3 years of age

A

Muscular dystrophy

49
Q

______________: distinguishing feature includes specific trigger points for pain and tenderness

A

Fibromyalgia

50
Q

______________: results from deficit of Vitamin D and phosphates

A

Rickets

51
Q

______________: can lead to cardiovascular disease

A

Paget’s disease

52
Q

_____________: Severe ischemia and tissue necrosis caused by inflammation surrounding a fracture can complicate healing

A

Fractures

53
Q

_______________: brain and spinal cord.

A

Central nervous system (CNS)

54
Q

Functions of brain: communication and control _______ of body; revives, _______, and evaluates many kinds of input, decides on response, initiates ________; responses are both involuntary (regulated by ___) and voluntary actions (regulated by ___).

A

center, processes, response, ANS, SNS

55
Q

______________: cranial and spinal nerves, ganglia, sensory neurons, neuromuscular junctions.

A

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

56
Q

What is the blood brain barrier? A _________ mechanism provided primarily by relatively ____________ in the brain; the barrier limits the passage of potentially __________ materials into the brain and controls the delicate but essential balance of ________, ___________ and proteins in the brain.

A

protective, impermeable capillaries; damaging, electrolytes, glucose, and proteins

57
Q

The brain is protected by the rigid bone of the _______, the three _______ or ________, and the _____________.

A

skull, membranes or meninges, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

58
Q

_______________: circulates the brain and spinal cord in the subarachnoid space; it should be clear and colorless fluid; protects the brain; formed in the choroid plexuses.

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

59
Q

What are meninges? Three __________ tissues membranes covering the _____ and ___________.

A

continuous connective, brain, spinal cord

60
Q

List the three meninges.

A

The dura mater, the arachnoid, the pia mater

61
Q

The ______________, or outer layer, is a tough, fibrous, double-layered membrane that separates at specific points to form the dural sinuses, which collect venous blood and CSF for return to the general circulation.

A

dura mater

62
Q

The _________ is a loose, weblike covering, is the middle layer.

A

arachnoid mater

63
Q

The ________ is delicate connective tissue that adheres closely to all convolutions on the surface of the brain; it is the inner layer w/ many small vessels.

A

pia mater

64
Q

Functional areas of the brain _____________: filtering system, alerting mechanism; a network of nuclei and neurons scattered throughout the brain stem that has connections to many parts of the brain.

A

Reticular formation

65
Q

Functional areas of the brain ______________: controls emotions, learning and memory; includes part of the hypothalamus.

A

Limbic system

66
Q

Functional areas of the brain ____________: controls somatic motor pathways, skeletal muscle; controls and coordinates skeletal muscle activity, preventing excessive movements and initiating accessory and often involuntary actions, such as arm swinging when walking.

A

EPS system

67
Q

_____________________-: provides motor and sensory innervation to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands.

A

Autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic responses)

68
Q

The __________________ increases the general level of activity in the body, thereby increasing cardiovascular, respiratory, and neurologic.

A

sympathetic nervous system

69
Q

The ______________________ is necessary for the fight-or-flight or stress response and is augmented by the increased secretion of the adrenal medulla in response to SNS stimuli.

A

sympathetic nervous system

70
Q

The ______________ or ____________ dominates the digestive system and aids in the recovery of the body after sympathetic activity.

A

parasympathetic nervous system, craniosacral nervous system

71
Q

_____________: located in cardiac muscle, SNS and epinephrine act on these receptors in the heart to increase both the rate and force of contraction.

A

β1-adrenergic receptors

72
Q

Discussed signs of increased intracranial pressure: early indicator is decreasing ___________; decreasing level of ___________, headache, ___________, vital signs, increasing __________ w/ increasing pulse pressure, slow heart rate, signs affecting __________, _________, pupils fixed and dilated.

A

responsiveness; consciousness, vomiting, blood pressure, vision, papilledema

73
Q

TIA transient ischemic attacks can be early warning of potential ____________________.

A

cerebrovascular accidents (CVA)

74
Q

A _______________ results from a temporary localized reduction of blood flow in the brain; signs and symptoms directly related to the location of the ischemia.

A

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

75
Q

____________________; signs and symptoms depend on location of obstruction, size of artery, and area affected.

A

CVA = cerebrovascular accidents

76
Q

A __________ is an infarction of brain tissue that results form lack of blood.

A

CVA (stroke)

77
Q

_____________ result from uncontrolled, excessive discharge of neurons in the brain.

A

Seizure disorders

78
Q

_____________: signs include severe headache, nuchal rigidity, photophobia.

A

Bacterial meningitis

79
Q

____________: is an infection typically caused by a virus, bacteria or sometimes a parasite or fungus in the meninges of the CNS.

A

Meningitis

80
Q

____________________ is a reversible interference with brain function, usually resulting from a mild blow to the head that causes sudden excessive movement of the brain, disrupting neurologic function and leading to loss of consciousness.

A

Mild traumatic brain injury (concussion)

81
Q

____________________: no activity on EEG, absence of all reflexes, no spontaneous respirations

A

traumatic head injury or “brain death”

82
Q

__________: inability to comprehend or express language appropriately

A

aphasia

83
Q

______________: causes brain damage because of pressure exerted on the brain

A

Depressed skull fracture

84
Q

____________: focal or generalized seizures sometimes early indication because surrounding inflammation stimulates neurons to discharge spontaneously

A

Brain tumor

85
Q

Type I Diabetes: Onset? Age of onset? Etiology? Body weight? Plasma insulin level? Treatment? Occurrence of hypoglycemia or DKA?

A

acute. early onset (under the age of 20; children and adults). autoimmune destruction, family history. thin. very low. insulin replacement. frequent.

86
Q

Type 2 Diabetes: Onset? Age of onset? Etiology? Body weight? Plasma insulin level? Treatment? Occurrence of hypoglycemia or DKA?

A

insidious. later (over age of 35, but also can be in younger adults). familial, lifestyle, environmental factors, obesity. obese. decreased or normal. diet and exercise, oral hypoglycemic agents, insulin replacement. less common.

87
Q

Hypoglycemia signs and symptoms.

A

disorientation, confusion, weakness, pallor, diaphoresis, tremors, tachycardia

88
Q

What causes hypoglycemia? Caused by __________________ levels making ______ unable to function and leading to coma/death. _________ shock/________ shock.

A

dangerously low glucose, neurons, coma/death; Hypovolemic, insulin

89
Q

Hyperglycemia symptoms?

A

deep rapid respirations and fruity breath odor

90
Q

_________: they consist of acetone and two organic acids (beta-hydroxybutyric acid and acetoacetic acid).

A

Ketones

91
Q

Describe how ketones form in body: a result of a lack of ________ in cells that causes catabolism of ______ and ______, leading to excessive amounts of fatty acids and their metabolites (________) in the blood.

A

glucose, fats, proteins, ketones

92
Q

____________: danger in Type 1; deficiency of insulin causes body to burn fat and proteins instead of glucose. Can be initiated by an infection or stress, develops over a few days, may result from an error in dosage or overindulgence in food or alcohol.

A

Ketoacidosis

93
Q

What are signs and symptoms of ketoacidosis?

A

Rapid/deep respirations (Kussmaul respirations), acetone breath (a sweet, fruit smell), lethargy and decreased responsiveness.

94
Q

Describe how ketoacidosis occurs: the ketoacids bind with _________ in the blood, leading to decreased _________ and eventually to a ________ in the pH of body fluids; can also occur in people on starvation diets.

A

bicarbonate buffer, serum bicarbonate, decrease

95
Q

Signs and symptoms of _____. Thirst, dry/rough oral mucosa, warm/dry skin, rapid but weak and thready pulse, low BP, oliguria (decreased urine output).

A

DKA

96
Q

______________: can result from ketoacidosis, which develops as ketoacids bind with bicarbonate ions in the buffer; occurs as dehydration develops, the glomerular filtration rate in kidneys decreases, and excretion of acids becomes more limited which has life threatening potential (DKA or diabetic coma).

A

Metabolic acidosis

97
Q

What are symptoms of metabolic acidosis? Decreased _________ levels, decreased serum ____, _____/fall in serum pH, loss of consciousness, abdominal cramps, ________/________, lethargy/weakness.

A

bicarbonate, pH, acidosis, nausea/vomiting

98
Q

Complications of DM: ___________ and _________ in feet and legs due to inability of oxygen to be transported in glucose saturated tissues

A

Necrosis, gangrene

99
Q

Complications of DM ________: vascular degeneration in the kidney glomeruli, chronic renal failure, responsible for 40% of patients in end-stage renal failure.

A

Nephropathy

100
Q

Complications of DM ________: common problem; leads to impaired sensation, numbness, tingling, weakness, and muscle wasting; degenerative changes in unmyenilated and myelinated nerve fibers; tissue trauma, infection; autonomic nerve degeneration, bladder incontinence, impotence, and diarrhea.

A

Neuropathy

101
Q

Complications of DM ________: erectile dysfunction.

___________: when blood glucose drops to dangerously low levels, lack of insulin.

___________: when blood glucose rises to dangerously high levels.

A

Impotence
Insulin shock (hypoglycemia)
Diabetic coma (hyperglycemia)

102
Q

___________: glucosuria exerts high osmotic pressure and pulls excessive amounts of water out through the urine

A

Polyuria

103
Q

___________: excessive hunger because glucose cannot be burned for energy because there is a deficit of insulin.

A

Polyphagia

104
Q

____________: extreme thirst occurs because of polyuria

A

Polydipsia

Pathophys: Unit 2 Exam (2 decks)

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