Study guide questions!

Question 1

What were the primary innovations in music during the Middle Ages?

Answer 1

notation, Christianity was legalized and made official language, end of the middle ages Gutenberg press

Question 2

Why is sacred music the best-preserved music of the era?

Answer 2

It was considered didactic.

Question 3

How did the Church evolve and develop during the Middle Ages? How did its structure and organization relate to political and historical events?

Answer 3

Was specifically intertwined with the politics of the day, at first it was outlawed then it became legal, and turned into the religion of the world. shaping the future of the music

Question 4

What Jewish traditions were adopted by the early Church?

Answer 4

The Jews used to read the Torah in a sing song voice rhythmically, it is how the early church began reading the psalms.

Question 5

What are the basic characteristics of music in the early Church?

Answer 5

The basic chant was syllabic, melismatic, conjunct, direct, Latin, Monophonic, at first direct, narrow range, tends to be in (AAA BBB CCC)

Question 6

What was the Church’s role in the creation of the Holy Roman Empire? When did this occur?

Answer 6

The crowning of the King by the Pope.

Question 7

Why is the chant repertoire of the Roman Catholic Church referred to as Gregorian Chant?

Answer 7

They decided all chant was attributed to Pope Gregory to give unity.
became a legend that a dove came and whispered all this music, Pope Gregory

Question 8

Who is responsible for transmitting Greek concepts of music theory and philosophy to the Middle Ages?

Answer 8

Martianus Minneus Felix Capella

Question 9

Who was the most-revered music philosopher of the Middle Ages?

Answer 9

Botheaus

Question 10

Explain the concepts of musica mundana, musica humana, and musica instrumentalis.

Answer 10

Musica mundane-music of the universe (music of the spheres/math), Muica Humana- human music (music inside), muica instrumentalis-instrument music

Question 11

What did the treatise Musica Enchiriadis contribute to the development and understanding of music in the middle ages?

Answer 11

(Music Handbook) describes 8modes and provided exercises for polyphony. Directed at students who aspired to enter clerical orders. providing exercises that explain the consonances.

Question 12

Who is D’Arezzo? When did he live and what did he do?

Answer 12

introduced a set of syllable corresponding
to the pattern of tones and semitones in the succession. He was a conductor and came up w. the Guidonian hand, where each knuckle represented a note.

Question 13

What are the church modes? How many are there, and what defines them?

Answer 13

8 modes where the half step DEFG each mode note has two modes the first being the the lower mode the second being the higher end.

Question 14

What is solmization?

Answer 14

ut, re mi fa, sol, la the original solfege

Question 15

Can you explain the Divine Office and the Mass?

Answer 15

observances occupied several hours every day and night. taking the roles assigned to the choir or congregation in other churches

Question 16

What were/are the most important events in the Church calendar?

Answer 16

Christmans, Easter,

Question 17

What is the Liturgy?

Answer 17

The importance of spreading the gospel was mostly through the liturgy, the texts that were spoken or sung and the rituals that were performed during each service. The role of music was to carry those words, accompany those rituals, and inspire the faithful.

Question 18

Why was the liturgy set to melodies?

Answer 18

the worshipers were more able to understand the words when they were sung and the melodies shaped/were shaped by the wordings.

Question 19

How did the music highlight the text?

Answer 19

accented important words. were arch like phrases and beginning in a low range and rising into a higher range

Question 20

Did the composer of chant have creative options? What were these?

Answer 20

Yes, recitation formulas, psalm tones, antiphons (AABBAA)

Question 21

How does the liturgical tradition contrast with the tradition of (most) Protestant gatherings?

Answer 21

?

Question 22

Why was the music a cappella?

Answer 22

because originally the church was persecuted and had to keep quite and the tradition has been continued

Question 23

When was Gregorian chant standardized? What motivated the desire to make the music and liturgy of the church uniform and consistent?

Answer 23

Standardized in the ninth century to make the Church more uniform

Question 24

What three new chant genres began to be added to the liturgy beginning around the 9th century?

Answer 24

tropes, sequences, and liturgical dramas

Question 25

Why were these additions made? What are the musical and textual characteristics of these new chant genres?

Answer 25

trope-expanded existing chant by adding new words and music before and between the chant, melody only, extending melismas or adding new ones, text only (usually called prosula, or prose, —sequence-syllabically to a text that is mostly in couplets and sung after the Alleluia at Mass——-Liturgical dramas- troups took the form of dialoges

Question 26

What is liturgical drama? Where were these works performed? For what purpose? Is “sacred drama” a better description genre than liturgical? Why?

Answer 26

among the earliest was form of dialog in the church yes they were used to display the bible in important occations. and yes

Question 27

Considering the era, is it notable that Hildegard von Bingen receives attention in The History of Western Music? What does this tell us about her era? What does it tell us about our own?

Answer 27

Yes! the middle ages it was hard for women to gain standing

Question 28

Explain the context of Ordo Virtutum

• Where would it have been performed? Why? For Whom?

Answer 28

?

Question 29

What are the vestiges of secular music that survive from the Middle Ages?

Answer 29

several hundred monophonic songs, many poems sung to melodies now lost, a few dance tunes, descriptions of music-making, pictures of musicians playing various instruments, and a few actual instruments

Question 30

Explain the troubadour tradition:
•	Where?
•	When?
•	Who? (performer, poet, sponsor)
•	What?

Answer 30

southern French castle,
middle ages
anyone could as long as they had talent
cultivated by the aristocratic sponsorship,

Question 31

How does the trouvere tradition differ from that of the troubadour?

Answer 31

Trouveres-southern france

Troubadour-German

Question 32

What is the topic of troubadour song?

Answer 32

refined love, courtly love(un-requited love)

Question 33

What aspects of the troubadour tradition resonate in modern secular song?

Answer 33

ballads, love, simple repetitive melodies, love songs joined with political, moral and literary topics

Question 34

What are the musical characteristics of these vernacular songs?

Answer 34

most are strophic and dance songs often including a refrain ( a recurring phrase or verse with music) typically sung by the dancers

Question 35

What is the name for this tradition in Germany?

Answer 35

troubadours

Question 36

What are laude and cantigas?

Answer 36

laude- a sacred Italian monophonic songs, composed in cities rather than at court, laude were sung in procession of religious penitents and in confraternities, associations of citizens who gathered for prayer and mutual support.
Cantigas-mentions Mary

Question 37

What is known of instruments and instrumental music in the Middle Ages?

Answer 37

vielle-fiddle
hurdy-gurdy -three-stringed vielle sounded by a rotating wheel
shawm- double-read instrument (oboe)
pipe and tabor

Question 38

Why does so little instrumental music from this period survive?

Answer 38

because it wasn’t normally written it was mostly committed to memory

Question 39

What are the characteristics of the earliest polyphony?

Answer 39

began as a manner of performance, became a practice of oral composition, and developed into a written tradition.

Question 40

What are the lasting influences of Medieval polyphony?

Answer 40

counterpoint, harmony, notation, and composition

Question 41

What is Musica Enchiriadis?

Answer 41

ninth century anonymous treatise

Question 42

What is meant by principal voice and organal voice?

Answer 42

principle voice -original chant melody

organal voice- moving in exact parallel motion exactly a fifth below

Question 43

What developments in polyphony are illustrated by Ad Organum Faciendum?

Answer 43

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