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ESWS155 - Elements of Environmental Protection > Study Guide pt 2 (ch 6 - 9) > Flashcards

Study Guide pt 2 (ch 6 - 9) Flashcards

1
Q

what is soil?

A

a living system; a medium for plant growth

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2
Q

El Nino

A

increase in wind convection; upwelling does not take place

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3
Q

why are tropical soils nutrient poor?

A

rain washes out nutrients; all nutrients exist in the organic material (plants/animals)

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4
Q

eutrophication

A

too many nutrients in a body of water; in oceans, can lead to red tide

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5
Q

clear-cutting

A

all trees in the area are cut; largest ecological impact

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6
Q

watershed

A

an area of land that drains into a specific water body

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7
Q

group-tree selection

A

small patches of trees are cut

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8
Q

what are the four pillars of food security

A

availability, access, utilization, stability

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9
Q

forest ecosystem services

A

soil stabilization, flood prevention, water purification, carbon sink, oxygen source, recreation

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10
Q

shelterwood

A

some trees are left to provide shelter for the seedlings as they grow

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11
Q

forest subcanopy

A

middle and lower portions of trees

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12
Q

stunting malnutriton

A

a person is too short for their age

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13
Q

staple food crop

A

main source of dietary energy in the human diet (rice, wheat, potatoes)

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14
Q

desertification

A

fertile land becomes desert

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15
Q

how is climate change impacting oceans?

A

warmer water, less dissolved oxygen, more acidic

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16
Q

marine reserves

A

areas where fishing is prohibited; no human interference

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17
Q

river ecosystem services

A

drinking water, irrigation, transportation

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18
Q

effects of overharvest fish

A

depleted marine populations; populations at 10% of former levels; bottom trawling has similar effects of clear-cutting or strip mining

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19
Q

what is soil texture?

A

the soil quality based on proportions of soil particles

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20
Q

swidden agriculture

A

farm for 1-2 years, then move on

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21
Q

intercropping

A

growing multiple crops in close proximity; improves nutrient cycling

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22
Q

food desert

A

geographical area where residents have few to no convenient options for securing affordable and healthy foods

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23
Q

food stability

A

when a population, household, or individual has access to food at all times

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24
Q

E horizon

A

minerals, organics are leached out

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25
Q

agricultural revolution

A

transition from hunter-gather to stable living

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26
Q

when did agriculture begin?

A

10,000 years ago

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27
Q

B horizon

A

clay, humus

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28
Q

non-consumptive use

A

does not remove, or only temporarily removes, water

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29
Q

O horizon

A

fresh organic matter

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30
Q

aquifer

A

porous spongelike formations of rock, sand, or gravel that hold water

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31
Q

R horizon

A

bedrock

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32
Q

wasting malnutrition

A

a person too thin for their height

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33
Q

consumptive use

A

when water is removed from an aquifer permanently

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34
Q

non-point source pollution

A

sources of pollution arising from multiple inputs over large area

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35
Q

subsistence agriculture

A

families produce only enough food for themselves

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36
Q

maximum sustainable yield

A

maximum amount of resource extraction without depleting the resource

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37
Q

surface water

A

water located Earth’s surface

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38
Q

biomagnification

A

chemicals transfer from lower to higher trophic levels

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39
Q

food access

A

food from local, national, and global markets

40
Q

Norman Borlaug

A

founder of the Green Revolution; increased wheat and maize yields worldwide

41
Q

obesity

A

a person who is overweight

42
Q

C horizon

A

weathered parent material

43
Q

primary forest

A

natural forest uncut by people

44
Q

thermohaline circulation

A

an oceanic circulation pattern that drives the mixing of surface water and deep water based on temperature and density (salinity)

45
Q

primary wastewater treatment

A

physically removes large contaminants

46
Q

humus

A

spongy material formed by partial decomposition of organic matter; holds moisture

47
Q

point source pollution

A

discrete locations of water pollution

48
Q

seed bank

A

institution that preserves seed types for genetic diversity

49
Q

salt marsh

A

occur along coasts at temperate latitudes

50
Q

impacts of the green revolution

A

pollution, loss of topsoil, use of monoculture

51
Q

bioaccumulation

A

gradual buildup over time

52
Q

malnutrition

A

inefficient supply or incorrect absorption of essential nutrients

53
Q

what are genetically modified organisms?

A

crops that are biologically altered to become more resistant or productive

54
Q

marine protected areas

A

long-term conservation; still allows fishing; not properly managed

55
Q

upwelling

A

the movement of deep, cold, and nutrient-rich water to the surface

56
Q

littoral zone

A

the part of a sea, lake, or river that is close to the shore

57
Q

physical/chemical water quality monitoring

A

temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, turbidity, and nutrient content

58
Q

edge effect

A

the different conditions along the boundaries of an ecosystem; amplified by habitat fragmentation

59
Q

plantation forestry

A

fast-growing, single-species monocultures

60
Q

salinization

A

salt buildup in dryland areas

61
Q

food availability

A

produce sufficient food to feed all the world’s inhabitants

62
Q

zooxanthe

A

single-celled algae that has a symbiotic relationship with coral

63
Q

wetland ecosystem services

A

valuable for wildlife; slow runoff, flooding; recharge aquifers; filter pollutants

64
Q

dead zone

A

an area in a body of water with little to no dissolved oxygen

65
Q

food utilization

A

translates the food available to a household into nutritional security

66
Q

A horizon

A

topsoil, organics, minerals, humus

67
Q

polyculture

A

different crops planted in one field

68
Q

pelagic zone

A

open water above the ocean floor

69
Q

downwelling

A

process in which oxygen-rich water sinks where surface currents come together

70
Q

cation exchange

A

a process in which positively charged minerals are made available to a plant when hydrogen ions in the soil displace mineral ions from the clay particles

71
Q

crop rotation

A

planned sequences of crops over time on the same field; improves soil nutrient levels

72
Q

water reservoirs

A

lakes, atmosphere, oceans, glaciers

73
Q

erosion

A

removal of material from one place to another by wind or water

74
Q

conservation concession

A

organizations buy rights to forests to keep them intact

75
Q

deep zone

A

level of the ocean in which no light penetrates; no photosynthesis

76
Q

water fluxes

A

precipitation, runoff, evaporation and transpiration

77
Q

forest understory

A

shrubs, small trees, and plants on the forest floor

78
Q

secondary wastewater treatment

A

water is stirred and aerated

79
Q

seed-tree

A

a few seed-producing trees are left standing to reseed the logged area

80
Q

no-till

A

limits compaction; protects soil organisms

81
Q

desalination

A

a process of removing salt from ocean water

82
Q

soil profile

A

vertical section of soil that depicts all its horizons

83
Q

photic zone

A

sunlight region near the surface of the water; photosynthesis takes place here

84
Q

biological water quality monitoring

A

fish and macroinvertibrates

85
Q

single-tree selection

A

widely spaced trees are cut

86
Q

mangrove

A

salt-tolerant trees along shorelines

87
Q

monoculture

A

uniform planting of a single crop

88
Q

forest canopy

A

upper levels of trees and branches in the treetop

89
Q

foresters

A

professional managers who must balance needs

90
Q

waterlogging

A

overirrigation saturates soils; can drown plants

91
Q

secondary forest

A

forest that has grown back after primary forest was cut

92
Q

estuary

A

the area where a freshwater stream or river merges with the ocean

93
Q

why is crop diversity important?

A

provides insurance against failure

94
Q

groundwater

A

water held underground in the soil or in pores and crevices in rock

95
Q

green revolution

A

use of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation, and machinery

ESWS155 - Elements of Environmental Protection (3 decks)

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