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ESWS155 - Elements of Environmental Protection > Study Guide pt 1 (ch. 1-5) > Flashcards

Study Guide pt 1 (ch. 1-5) Flashcards

1
Q

interspecific competition

A

(–); neither individual gets 100% of of the resources it needs

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2
Q

quantitative data

A

data that is measurable and numerical

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3
Q

resource partitioning

A

using different parts of the ecosystem to coexist

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4
Q

boreal forest/taiga

A

11% of land surface; very few evergreen trees; nutrient-poor, acidic soil; Canada, Alaska, Russia, Scandinavia

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5
Q

sustainable ethic

A

resources are limited and we must act as such; humans are only a part of the environment

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6
Q

nucleic acid monomer

A

nucleotides

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7
Q

natural selection

A

inherited characteristics enhance survival and reproduction; those traits are passed on more frequently

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8
Q

land eithic

A

mistreating the environment is fiscally irresponsible; land is a commodity vs. land is a complex ecosystem

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9
Q

feedback loop

A

circular process in which a system’s output serves as the input for the same system

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10
Q

products of light reactions

A

O2, ATP (energy), NADPH

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11
Q

secondary succession

A

disturbance dramatically alters but does not destroy all local organisms; fires, hurricanes, farming, logging

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12
Q

1st trophic level

A

producers/autotrophs; capture solar energy to produce sugars; green plants

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13
Q

density-dependent factors

A

limiting factors whose influence is affected by population density; predation, competition, disease

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14
Q

type I survivorship curve

A

higher death rate at older ages; larger animals; humans, mammals

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15
Q

species diversity

A

number of species interacting

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16
Q

tundra

A

minimal precipitation; extremely cold winters; dominated by mosses and lichens; permafrost; Russia, Canada, Scandinavia

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17
Q

climax community

A

community that remains in place with few changes until another disturbance

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18
Q

environmental science

A

study of how the natural world works, how the environment affects us, and how we affect the environment

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19
Q

ecosystem

A

all the organisms and the physical environment with which they interact in a given space

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20
Q

scientific method

A

observe, question, predict, hypothesis, experiment, analysis, share results

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21
Q

3rd trophic level

A

secondary consumers; pray on primary consumers; carnivorous; salamanders

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22
Q

natural resources

A

substances and energy we take from our environment

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23
Q

lipid monomer

A

glycerol and fatty acids

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24
Q

photosynthesis formula

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight –> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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25
Q

gross primary production (gpp)

A

total amount of energy captured by autotrophs

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26
Q

desert

A

minimal precipitation; not always hot; plants have adapted to minimize water loss

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27
Q

hydrosphere

A

all liquid, solid, and vapor water

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28
Q

data

A

facts collected for analysis

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29
Q

source

A

a pool that releases more than it accepts

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30
Q

meiosis

A

reproduction of sex cells; leads to crossing over and genetic variability

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31
Q

tropical dry forest

A

warm with wet/dry seasons; mostly agricultural -> soil erosion; India, Africa, South America, Northern Australia

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32
Q

type II survivorship curve

A

same death rate at all ages; medium-sized animals; birds

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33
Q

products of light-independent reactions

A

sugars

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34
Q

what are the four macromolecules of life?

A

proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids

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35
Q

predation

A

(+-); one individual kills/consumes prey

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36
Q

exponential growth

A

unregulated population growth; not sustainable long-term; often occurs in introduced or non-native species

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37
Q

carrying capacity

A

the maximum size of a population ots environment can sustain

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38
Q

temperate rainforest

A

a lot of precipitation; coniferous trees; erosion and landslides affect soil fertility; logged for lumber and paper; most old growth is gone; Pacific Northwest

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39
Q

biogeochemistry

A

how chemical elements flow through living systems and their physical environments

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40
Q

directional selection

A

drives a feature in one direction; depends on the environment

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41
Q

2nd trophic level

A

primary consumers; herbivors that eat producers; grasshoppers

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42
Q

taxonomy

A

formal system for naming and grouping species to communicate order and relationships

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43
Q

primary succession

A

disturbance removes all soil life; community is built from scratch; follows glaciers, volcanic lava

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44
Q

uniform population distribution

A

due to competitive interactions

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45
Q

five ideas supporting natural selection

A

variability of traits within populations, traits are inheritable, individuals reproduce, resources are limited, population sized are relatively constant

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46
Q

realized niche

A

conditions where an organism actually occurs

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47
Q

parasitism

A

(+-); one organism depends on another for nourishment

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48
Q

provisioning services

A

food, freshwater, natural medicines

49
Q

ecology

A

the study of organisms and their relationships with their environments

50
Q

niche

A

the match of a species to a specific environmental condition

51
Q

succession

A

predictable series of changes in a community following a disturbance

52
Q

net primary production (npp) in water

A

driven by sunlight and nutrients

53
Q

cultural services

A

recreation, ecotourism, ethical values

54
Q

overshoot

A

when humans or a population consume more than the environment can sustain

55
Q

“k-selected” organisms

A

long gestational periods; few offspring; strong parental care; low biotic potential; stabilize at or near carrying capacity

56
Q

speciation

A

process of generating a new species from a single species

57
Q

organic compounds

A

has carbon atoms joined by covalent bonds (has carbon-carbon bonds)

58
Q

atmosphere

A

the air surrounding the planet

59
Q

biosphere

A

the planet’s living organisms and abiotic portions of the environment with which they interect

60
Q

flux

A

rate at which materials move between pools

61
Q

positive feedback loop

A

system changes and continues to change in one direction; pushes system towards the extreme end of the spectrum; typically a result of human activity

62
Q

environmental ethics

A

moral principles that govern behavior concerning the environment

63
Q

protein monomer

A

amino acids

64
Q

supporting services

A

nutrient cycling, soil formation, photosynthesis

65
Q

carbohydrate monomer

A

monosaccharides (sugars)

66
Q

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

A

not all heat energy can be converted into work

67
Q

1st Law of Thermodynamics

A

total amount of energy in the universe is constant and conserved; energy cannot be created or destroyed

68
Q

transpiration

A

water enters vascular system of plants through roots and evaporates through stomata on leaves

69
Q

pioneer species

A

first species to arrive in primary succession; mosses and lichens

70
Q

negative feedback loop

A

system changes and moves back to set point; output and input move in opposite directions and cancel each other out

71
Q

climate diagrams

A

measure temperature, precipitation, and wet/dry seasons

72
Q

community diversity

A

populations from many species interacting

73
Q

survivorship curve

A

a graph that shows the likelihood of death for age demographics

74
Q

evolution

A

the process through which the characteristics of a species change over time; descent with modification

75
Q

primary production

A

conversion of solar energy to chemical energy by autotrophs

76
Q

keystone species

A

has a strong or wide-reaching impact far out of proportion to its abundance; removal significantly alters the food web

77
Q

regulating services

A

air quality, pollination, erosion

78
Q

qualitative data

A

observations and characteristics; not measurable

79
Q

4th trophic level

A

tertiary consumers; eat secondary consumers; carnivrous; highest trophic level; hawks

80
Q

lithosphere

A

rock and sediment

81
Q

community

A

a group of species occupying the same area at the same time

82
Q

nucleic acid function

A

DNA holds hereditary information; RNA hold information for protein creation

83
Q

carbohydrate function

A

energy storage

84
Q

intraspecies competition

A

competition within the same species

85
Q

sink

A

a pool that takes in more than it releases

86
Q

random population distribution

A

typically a homogenous environment

87
Q

density-independent factors

A

limiting facotrs whose influence is not affected by population density; weather, floods, landslides

88
Q

ecosystem services

A

any benefit humans receive from the natural environment

89
Q

herbivory

A

(+-); animals feed on tissue of plants

90
Q

earth’s biomes

A

defined by temperature and precipitation

91
Q

allopatric speciation

A

species formation due to physical separation of populations

92
Q

ecological footprint

A

how much biologically productive land each person consumes; measured in # of earths needed to sustain consumption

93
Q

pH

A

measure of H+ and OH- in a substance; acid (pH < 7) = more H+; base (pH > 7) = more OH-

94
Q

mutualism

A

(++); all specied involved benefit from interactions

95
Q

entropy

A

measure of randomness and disorder

96
Q

type III survivorship curve

A

higher death rate at younger ages; smaller animals and plants; trees

97
Q

logistic growth

A

limiting factors slow and stop exponential growth

98
Q

artificial selection

A

livestock, grains, greens

99
Q

genetic diversity

A

variation within a species

100
Q

species interactions

A

positive effects (+), negative effects (-), no effects (0)

101
Q

tropical rainforest

A

year-round rain and warm temperatures; lush vegetation; diverse species; poor, acidic soils; West Africa, southeast Asia, central and South America

102
Q

trophic levels

A

rank in feeding hierarchy

103
Q

“r-selected” species

A

species that reproduce quickly and offer little to no care for offspring; high biotic potential; populations fluctuate greatly

104
Q

clumped population distribution

A

social structure, safety, resource availability,

105
Q

invasive species

A

non-native organisms that spread widely and become dominant; limiting factors are absent; not always harmful

106
Q

frontier ethic

A

Earth has unlimited resources; humans are the masters of the environment

107
Q

temperate deciduous forest

A

even, year-round precipitation; fertile soils; mid-latitude Europe, eastern China, eastern North America

108
Q

chaparral

A

mild, wet winter; warm, dry summer; frequent fires; Mediterranean, coastal Chile, California; Southern Australia

109
Q

temperate grasslands/steppe/prairie

A

more extreme temperature difference; less precipitation; largely converted to agriculture

110
Q

sustainability

A

living within the means of the Earth

111
Q

environment

A

all living and nonliving things

112
Q

fundamental niche

A

combination of all conditions allowing survival

113
Q

inorganic compounds

A

lacks carbon-carbon bonds

114
Q

pool/reservoir

A

where nutrients are stored for a period of time

115
Q

net primary production (npp) on land

A

driven by temperature and precipitation

116
Q

sympatric speciation

A

species formation due to behavioral or temporal changes that separate populations

117
Q

lipid function

A

cell structure, moving/storing energy

118
Q

protien functions

A

support, movement, energy storage, immune response

ESWS155 - Elements of Environmental Protection (3 decks)

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