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Biology EOC > Study guide part 2 (Vocab) > Flashcards

Study guide part 2 (Vocab) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

is a very large molecule consisting of repeated linked units

A

macromolecules

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2
Q

the building blocks of a polymer

A

monomers

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3
Q

storage of glucose in plants; storage of glucose in animals

A

starch; glucose

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4
Q

monomer is amino acids

A

proteins

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5
Q

monomer is a nucleotide

A

Nucleic acids

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6
Q

Monomer is composed of a glycerol and 3 fatty acids

A

lipids

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7
Q

monomer is a monosaccharide

A

carbohydrate

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8
Q

Function is stored energy; insulation; Examples: phospholipids, and cholesterol.

A

lipids

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9
Q

Function is quick energy; Examples: glucose, ribose, sucrose, and cellulose.

A

carbohydrates

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10
Q

Function is protection, movement, catalyst; Examples: lactase.

A

Proteins

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11
Q

Function is pass on inheritable traits; Examples: DNA, RNA

A

amino acids

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12
Q

Are cells that contain a true nucleus

A

eukaryotic

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13
Q

Are cells that do not contain a nucleus

A

prokaryotic

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14
Q

List three reasons viruses are considered non-living

A

not made of cells; no cell membrane; doesn’t move.

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15
Q

List the two parts of a virus.

A

Nucleic acids, and capsid.

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16
Q

control center of a eukaryotic cell

A

nucleus

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17
Q

fluid surrounding the organelles in all cells (cell gel)

A

cytoplasm

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18
Q

sites where proteins are assmebled

A

ribosomes

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19
Q

Produces ATP energy from the chemical fuel of glusose

A

glycolysis

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20
Q

Site of photosynthesis; converts energy from the sun to glucose

A

chloroplasts

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21
Q

Boundary found in all cells; determines what can enter and leave

A

cell membrane

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22
Q

The cell membrane allows certain substances to pass in and out because it is

A

semipermeable

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23
Q

a type of transport across the membrane that requires no energy

A

passive

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24
Q

a type of transport across the membrane that requires energy

A

active

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25
Q

what would happen if a freshwater fish is placed in saltwater

A

hypertonic

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26
Q

the main component of the cell membrane

A

lipids

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27
Q

name the two parts of a lipid

A

glycerol and fatty acids

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28
Q

random movement molecules; w/ gradient

A

simple diffusion; passive transport

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29
Q

large molecules move in and out of the cell with the help of proteins

A

facilitated diffusion; passive transport

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30
Q

movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane

A

osmosis; active transport

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31
Q

transport in which a cell expels substances

A

exocytosis; active transport

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32
Q

transport where substances are brought into the cell by c. m. folding in

A

endocytosis; active transport

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33
Q

concentration of solutes is the same inside and outside the cell

A

Isotonic

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34
Q

solutions have a lower solute concentration than the cell; cell may lysis

A

hypotonic

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35
Q

solute has a higher solute concentration than the cell; cell may crenate

A

hypertonic

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36
Q

protein that does not span the membrane; used for cell communication

A

peripheral protein

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37
Q

proteins that span the membrane; used for cell transport

A

transmembrane protein

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38
Q

found only in animal cell membranes; provide more stability

A

cholesterol

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39
Q

part of the cell membrane that serves as ID tags for the cell

A

carbohydrates

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40
Q

hydrophilic; polar

A

phosphate head

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41
Q

hydrophobic; nonpolar

A

lipid tail

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42
Q

biomolecule that serves as a catalyst in living things

A

enzyme protein

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43
Q

the substance that binds to an enzyme

A

substrate

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44
Q

the region where the enzyme and the substrate bind together

A

active site

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45
Q

list three things that can denature an enzyme

A

pH, temperature, and amount of substrate

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46
Q

enzymes work by lowering the (blank) required to start a chemical reaction

A

activation energy

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47
Q

list the components of ATP

A

adenine, ribose, 3 phosphates

48
Q

the molecule that provides useable energy to the cell

A

ATP

49
Q

the energy stored in the molecule above is stored in the

A

bonds

50
Q

equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + light -> C6H12O6 +6CO2

51
Q

light-absorbing molecules are called

A

pigments

52
Q

the 1st step of photosynthesis is called the

A

light dependant reaction

53
Q

this reaction takes place in the (blank) of the (blank)

A

thylakoids; chloroplast

54
Q

List the two main reactants and the waste product produced in this 1st step.

A

ATP; NADPH; O2

55
Q

The 2nd step of photosynthesis is called

A

Calvin cycle/light-independent reaction

56
Q

The reaction takes place in the (blank) of the chloroplast

A

stroma

57
Q

List the main reactant and the product produced in the 2nd step

A

CO2; C6H12O6

58
Q

equation for cellular respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP

59
Q

Name the energy pathway that is aerobic

A

cellular respiration

60
Q

name the energy pathway that is anaerobic

A

fermentation

61
Q

the 1st step in the breakdown of glucose

A

glycolysis

62
Q

the process of glycolysis takes place in the

A

cytoplasm

63
Q

list the end products of glycolysis

A

ATP; NADPH; Pyruvate

64
Q

the next step in the breakdown of glucose is

A

krebs cycle

65
Q

This process takes place in the (blank) of mitochondria

A

matrix

66
Q

the waste product from this reaction is

A

CO2

67
Q

what is made in this cycle that is transported to the electron transport chain

A

NADH; FADH

68
Q

what is the last step in the breakdown of glucose

A

electron transport chain

69
Q

this process takes place in the (blank) of the mitochondria

A

inner membrane

70
Q

what has to be present at the end, what does it form

A

oxygen; water

71
Q

which step of cellular respiration are the most ATP’s made

A

electron transport chain

72
Q

what is the range of total ATPs made in cellular respiration

A

34-38 ATP

73
Q

name the two types of fermentation

A

alcoholic, and lactic acid

74
Q

name the type that occurs in human muscle cells (and bacteria, etc.)

A

lactic acid

75
Q

what are the two phases of cell division

A

Interphase; mitotic division

76
Q

during which part of thus interphase does the cell’s DNA make a copy of itself

A

S phase

77
Q

the division of the cytoplasm that occurs at the end of mitosis

A

cytokinesis

78
Q

asexual cell division in eukaryotes; division in the nucleus

A

mitosis

79
Q

cells are limited in size due to the following 3 reasons

A

nutrients need to move in and out; wastes need to get in and out; DNA can only do so much for the cell

80
Q

the process by which bacteria reproduce asexually

A

binary fission

81
Q

sister chromatids are pulled apart; the spindle fibers shorten

A

anaphase

82
Q

chromosomes are on opposite ends of the cell; spindles begin to break apart; nuclear env. reforms

A

telophase

83
Q

Shortest phase in which chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

A

metaphase

84
Q

Chromosomes become tick and visible, nucleolus disappear, nuclear env. breaks down

A

prophase

85
Q

G1, S, and G2 are all phases of

A

Interphase

86
Q

Threads that pull chromatids apart

A

spindle fibers

87
Q

the organelle that contains genetic material/DNA

A

Nucleus

88
Q

formed during DNA replication

A

DNA

89
Q

uncondensed, spaghetti-like structure within the nucleus containing the genetic information

A

chromatin

90
Q

monomers of DNA

A

nucleotides

91
Q

list the three parts of nucleotides

A

phosphate; deoxyribose, base

92
Q

the scientist did Xray diffraction of DNA

A

Rosalind Franklin

93
Q

Scientists discovered the shape of the DNA molecule

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

94
Q

The scientist that found the same proportions of adenine and thymine, cytosine, and guanine in a DNA molecule

A

Chargaff

95
Q

Write the complementary DNA strand TATGCCGAA

A

ATACGGCTT

96
Q

the process where DNA is copied

A

replication

97
Q

the type of bond that holds DNA nucleotides together

A

hydrogen bonds

98
Q

the enzyme used to break the bonds to unzip the DNA

A

helicase

99
Q

strand of DNA that is continuously replicated

A

leading strand

100
Q

strand of DNA that is replicated in fragments

A

lagging strand

101
Q

these fragments get glued together by the enzyme

A

ligase

102
Q

Add DNA nucleotides and proofreads the replicated DNA

A

DNA polymerase

103
Q

Two exact copies of DNA are made

A

DNA replication

104
Q

is single-stranded

A

RNA

105
Q

is double-stranded

A

DNA

106
Q

contains thymine

A

DNA

107
Q

contains uracil

A

RNA

108
Q

contains deoxyribose

A

DNA

109
Q

contains ribose

A

RNA

110
Q

leaves nucleus

A

RNA

111
Q

stays in the nucleus

A

DNA

112
Q

the process where part of the nucleotide sequence in DNA is copied into RNA

A

transcription

113
Q

a tRNA carrying an amino acid binds to the A site

A

translation

114
Q

takes place in the nucleus

A

transcription

115
Q

adds RNA nucleotides

A

RNA polymerase

116
Q

What are the 8 functions of proteins

A

speed up reactions; immune system; storage; transport; hormones; receptors; movement; structure

117
Q

a change in shape leads to a change in

A

function

Biology EOC (2 decks)

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