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Biology EOC > Study guide part 1 > Flashcards

Study guide part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

List the Cell Theory?

A

All living things are composed of cells, cells are the smallest working unit of life, and all cells come from other cells through cell division.

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2
Q

What is the Polymer for Carbohydrates?

A

Polysaccharides

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3
Q

What is the Monomer for Carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides

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4
Q

What is the function of Carbohydrates?

A

Immediate and stored energy; building material.

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5
Q

What is the Polymer for Lipids?

A

Oils, fats, and waxes

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6
Q

What is the monomer for Lipids?

A

Glycerol, and fatty acids

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7
Q

What is the function of Lipids?

A

Energy storage, insulation, and cushioning.

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8
Q

What is the Polymer for Proteins?

A

Polypeptides

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9
Q

What is the Monomer for Proteins?

A

Amino Acids

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10
Q

What is the function of Proteins?

A

Stored energy, support, structure, protection, movement, and metabolism.

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11
Q

What is the Polymer for Nucleic Acids?

A

RNA/DNA

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12
Q

What is the Monomer for Nucleic Acids?

A

Nucleotides

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13
Q

What is the function of Nucleic Acids?

A

Genetic instructions and usable energy.

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14
Q

What does a Nucleotide look like?

A

<img></img>

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15
Q

What are the features of a Prokaryotic cell?

A

Simple in the structure; no recognizable organelles or nucleus; cell wall gives shape; cytoplasm does not appear to have structure.

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16
Q

What are the features of a Eukaryotic cell?

A

Nucleus; highly structured; larger than bacteria; developed specialized packaging and transport mechanisms necessary to support; larger in size.

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17
Q

What is the function of a ribosome?

A

Decoding the message, and the formation of polypeptide bonds.

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18
Q

What is the function of Mitochondria?

A

Generating most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell’s biochemical reactions.

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19
Q

What is the function of Chloroplasts?

A

Converting light energy to food for plants using photosynthesis.

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20
Q

What is the function of the Cell Membrane?

A

Providing protection for a cell.

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21
Q

What type of organelle is an enzyme?

A

Protein

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22
Q

Explain the function of an enzyme.

A

Speed up chemical reactions in the human.

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23
Q

How does the pH affect the rate of an enzyme’s reaction?

A

Extreme pH can cause enzymes to denature.

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24
Q

How does the temperature affect the rate of an enzyme’s reaction?

A

The rate of enzymes reactions increases with the temperature.

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25
Q

How does the amount of substrate affect the rate of an enzyme’s reaction?

A

This increases the rate of reactions.

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26
Q

Explain the relationship between an enzyme and a substrate.

A

Enzymes bind with substrates at the active site.

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27
Q

Diffusion

A

Passive transport

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28
Q

Osmosis

A

A specific type of passive transport that needs proteins.

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29
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

A specific type of passive transport that uses proteins.

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30
Q

Hypotonic

A

Swelled up

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31
Q

Hypertonic

A

Shriveled up

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32
Q

Isotonic

A

Neutral

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33
Q

Active transport

A

Low to High concentration, requires energy.

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34
Q

Passive transport

A

High to Low concentration, does not require energy.

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35
Q

Why are carrier proteins important to active transport?

A

They transport ions and molecules with secondary active transport.

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36
Q

The process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms’ activities.

A

Photosynthesis

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37
Q

Produce their own food for energy.

38
Q

Eat other organisms for energy.

A

Heterotroph

39
Q

Identify the molecule or compound that organisms use to store energy.

A

Glucose/ATP

40
Q

What happens when a phosphate is removed from ATP?

A

A phosphoanhydride break in hydrolysis, energy is released, and ATP is converted to adenosine diphosphate.

41
Q

What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

42
Q

Why are plants green?

A

Chlorophyll

43
Q

Explain why humans and plants are dependants on each other.

A

Plants create the oxygen humans breathe, then recycle the carbon dioxide.

44
Q

Describe the relationship between the light reaction and the calvin cycle.

A

The light reactions convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. The ATP provides the energy, and the NADPH supplies the electrons for the calvin cycle, which converts carbon dioxide to sugar.

45
Q

Are the light-dependant and light-independent reactions the same thing?

A

No, dependant uses chlorophyll to make energy and independent harvests that energy.

46
Q

What is the effect of temperature on photosynthesis?

A

If the temperature is above 35C, it could denature the enzymes involved in the process.

47
Q

What is the effect of light intensity on photosynthesis?

A

The stronger the light intensity, the faster the role up to a certain point, and then it will stop altogether.

48
Q

What is the primary purpose of the calvin cycle?

A

Converting carbon dioxide to glucose.

49
Q

Describe the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

A

ATP synthase produces ATP as the electrons are moved through the chain, just like in photosynthesis.

50
Q

What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

A

C6H12O2 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O

51
Q

Type of fermentation that is used by microorganisms.

52
Q

Type of fermentation that is used when oxygen isn’t supplied fully.

A

Lactic acid

53
Q

What molecule is needed to start glycolysis?

54
Q

Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

A

Aerobic requires oxygen, which anaerobic takes place in a lack of oxygen.

55
Q

Which step of cellular respiration produces the most ATP?

A

The electron transport chain.

56
Q

The process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells.

A

Cell division

57
Q

Identify the stages of cell division.

A

PMAT: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.

58
Q

Identify the stages of interphase.

A

G1 (cell growth), S (DNA synthesis), G2 (cell growth)

59
Q

What is the significance of the S-phase?

A

This is the stage when the DNA is replicated.

60
Q

The stage when the cell is preparing to divide.

A

Interphase

61
Q

The stage where the cell’s nucleus is performing reproduction.

62
Q

The stage where the cell separates completely.

A

Cytokinesis

63
Q

Label the centromere and the sister chromatids of a chromosome.

A

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64
Q

Stages of mitosis

A

P: The chromosomes pair up; M: The chromosomes line up at the equator; A: The sister chromatids pull apart; T: Two new nuclei form; Cytokinesis: When the nuclei pull far enough apart and two new cells form completely.

65
Q

A cell that divides uncontrollably.

66
Q

A cell plate forms along the equator of the parent cell.

A

Cytokinesis in plant cells.

67
Q

The plasma membrane pinches inward along the cells equator until 2 daughter cells form.

A

Cytokinesis in animal cells.

68
Q

What are the DNA base pairing rules?

69
Q

What shape is DNA?

A

Double Helix

70
Q

Takes place in the Nucleus, uses DNA polymerase, and creates two identical copies of DNA.

A

Replication

71
Q

Starts in the Nucleus then moves to the cytoplasm, uses RNA polymerase, and creates a strand of mRNA.

A

Transcription

72
Q

Takes place in the Cytoplasm on the ribosomes, and creates a polypeptide chain of amino acids.

A

Translation

73
Q

Where does DNA replication take place inside the cell?

A

The nucleus

74
Q

Why is DNA replication necessary?

A

So the cells have the right amount of DNA for them to replicate.

75
Q

What is the complementary DNA strand for GTTCAG?

76
Q

Deoxyribose sugar, double-stranded, thymine.

77
Q

Ribose sugar, single-stranded, uracil.

78
Q

What are the major steps to protein synthesis?

A

Transcription and translation

79
Q

What is the job of tRNA?

A

To decode mRNA into a sequence of proteins.

80
Q

Which cell organelle is involved in transcription?

A

The nucleus

81
Q

What is the complementary RNA strand for GTTCAG?

82
Q

What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?

A

It carries the coding sequence and is called transcripts.

83
Q

Where in the cell does translation take place?

A

The ribosomes

84
Q

A sequence of three nucleotides. You give the complementary mRNA strand then match it with an amino acid using the chart.

85
Q

The sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain.

A

Primary protein structure

86
Q

Regular, recurring arrangements in the shape of adjacent amino acid residues in a polypeptide chain

A

Secondary protein structure

87
Q

The three-dimensional (3D) shape of a protein.

A

Tertiary protein structure

88
Q

Association of several protein chains or subunits into a closely packed arrangement.

A

Quaternary protein structure

89
Q

What are the 8 functions of proteins?

A

Enzymatic proteins, structural proteins, storage proteins, transport proteins, hormonal proteins, Receptor proteins, movement proteins, and defensive proteins.

90
Q

Can proteins serve as a form of energy in a cell?

91
Q

Enzymes are proteins, what are three factors that can denature a protein?

A

pH, temperature, and UV light.

92
Q

How can we change the function of a protein?

A

A change in the gene’s coding region leads to a change in protein structure and function.

Biology EOC (2 decks)

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