Study Guide: Know that... Flashcards

1
Q

the primary motor cortex is ___ organized : ___

A

somatotopically; homunculus

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2
Q

___ only receive unilateral contralateral innervation

A

muscles of the limbs

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3
Q

most muscles of the head and neck, with a few exceptions, receive ___ innervation

A

bilateral

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4
Q

apraxia is an impairment of ___

A

motor planning

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5
Q

the ___, in general, is responsible for motor planning

A

frontal lobe

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6
Q

the ___ and ___ tracts make up the pyramidal system; it is responsible for ___

A

corticospinal / corticobulbar; the execution of voluntary movements

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7
Q

the corticobulbar tract innervates ___

A

all the muscles of the head and neck

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8
Q

the extrapyramidal system helps to ___

A

regulate reflexes and maintain posture and tone

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9
Q

damage to the extrapyramidal system results in ___ and ___

A

hyperreflexia and spasticity

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10
Q

___ do NOT directly synapse on the lower motor neurons (LMNs)

A

control circuits

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11
Q

tremor, chorea, athetosis, dystonia, and myoclonus are all types of ___

A

dyskinesias

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12
Q

true or false: the cerebellum has lobes

A

true

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13
Q

the cerebellum has more ___ than ___ pathways

A

afferent; efferent

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14
Q

the main function of the cerebellum is ___ and ___

A

coordination of different muscle groups and balance

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15
Q

motor speech disorders (MSDs) tend to be closely associated with ___

A

damage to specific regions / systems within the nervous system

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16
Q

what is the origin of the current classification system for motor speech disorders (MSDs)?

A

mayo clinic in the late 60s

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17
Q

in the DIVA model, production of speech sounds starts via activation of cells in the speech sound map believe to be located in ___

A

the left ventral (inferior) premotor cortex and broca’s area

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18
Q

in the DIVA model, triggering-initiation of activated speech sounds occurs in ___

A

the initiation map in the SMA

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19
Q

in the DIVA model, motor commands describing the details of jaw height, tongue tip position, lip protrusion, etc. occurs in ___

A

the articulatory velocity and position map in the ventral motor cortex (primary motor cortex)

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20
Q

in the DIVA model, the two general components include ___ and ___

A

a feedforward and feedback control subsystem

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21
Q

in the DIVA model, the feedback subsystem compares an efferent copy to the ___ in order to ___

A

current auditory and somatosensory state; make any necessary adjustments

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22
Q

flaccid dysarthria is due to ___ damage

A

lower motor neuron (LMN)

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23
Q

the primary neuromuscular characteristic underlying flaccid dysarthria is ___

A

weakness

24
Q

impairments in which subsystems is seen in flaccid dysarthria? (4)

A

respiration, phonation, resonance, articulation

25
Q

___ usually results in a mild flaccid dysarthria

A

unilateral lower motor neuron damage

26
Q

unilateral lower face weakness can be a sign of ___

A

unilateral upper motor neuron damage

27
Q

spastic dysarthria is due to ___ damage

A

bilateral upper motor neuron (B) (UMN)

28
Q

the neuromuscular characteristics underlying spastic dysarthria are ___ and ___

A

spasticity and weakness

29
Q

what is the main difference between UUMN dysarthria and spastic dysarthria?

A

UUMN dysarthria has much milder speech symptoms and is due to unilateral upper motor neuron damage

30
Q

motor impairments after an internal capsule lesion can be significant because ___

A

descending fibers are closely packed at this level

31
Q

spasticity results from damage to ___

A

the indirect activation pathways that travel alongside the corticobulbar and corticospinal tracts

32
Q

the confirmatory signs of spastic dysarthria are ___ (4)

A

spasticity, hyperreflexia, pathological oral reflexes, emotional lability (change)

33
Q

true or false: all speech subsystems tend to be involved in spastic dysarthria

A

true

34
Q

in left hemisphere lesions, ___ may mask the presence of a UUMN dysarthria

A

an aphasia or apraxia of speech

35
Q

the confirmatory non speech symptoms of spastic dysarthria are ___ (2)

A

unilateral lower facial weakness, unilateral tongue weakness

36
Q

the distinctive characteristics of spastic dysarthria are ___ and ___

A

slowness of speech and strained-harsh vocal quality

37
Q

the characteristic speech signs of UUMN dysarthria are ___ and ___

A

mildness of deficits and articulation imprecision

38
Q

ataxic dysarthria is due to ___

A

damage to the cerebellum and / or cerebellar control circuits

39
Q

speech characteristics in ataxic dysarthria are primarily due to ___

A

impaired coordination

40
Q

true or false: individuals with ataxic dysarthria may have a normal oral motor exam

A

true

41
Q

the key speech characteristics in ataxic dysarthria are ___ (2)

A

irregular articulatory and prosodic errors

42
Q

hypokinetic dysarthria is due to ___

A

damage to the basal ganglia and / or basal ganglia control circuits

43
Q

damage to the basal ganglia generally results in either ___ or ___

A

a reduction of movement or dyskinesias

44
Q

the most common cause of hypo kinetic dysarthria is ___

A

parkinson’s disease

45
Q

parkinson’s disease is the result of ___

A

degeneration of the dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra

46
Q

parkinson’s disease is characterized by ___ (4)

A

rigidity, reduced range of motion, difficulty initiating movements, resting tremors

47
Q

the non speech signs of hypo kinetic dysarthria are ___ (3)

A

expressionless face, lip-tongue-jaw tremors at rest, and normal strength

48
Q

speech characteristics of hypo kinetic dysarthria are ___ (4)

A

hypophonia, reduced loudness, monoloudness, fast speech rate tendencies

49
Q

hyperkinetic dysarthria is due to ___

A

damage to the basal ganglia

50
Q

___ underlie the speech impairments in hyperkinetic dysarthria

A

hyperkinesias

51
Q

dyskinesias can usually be classified as ___ or ___

A

fast or slow

52
Q

describe the oral motor exam of a hyperkinetic dysarthria

A

usually normal except for the presence of involuntary movements

53
Q

although tremors can affect all muscles of speech production, it mostly affects ___

A

the voice

54
Q

huntington’s disease is characterized by ___

A

quick, choreic movements

55
Q

the speech characteristics of individuals with huntington’s disease are ___ (3)

A

sudden voice arrests with an intermittent strained quality, irregular articulatory breakdown, prosodic abnormalities (aprosodia)

56
Q

___ movements are slow and sustained and can affect any of the speech subsystems

A

dystonic

57
Q

which dysarthrias are due to laryngeal dystonia? (2)

A

adductor spasmodic dysphonia (intermittent strained vocal quality) and abductor spasmodic dysphonia (intermittent breathiness)