Study Guide: Know that... Flashcards
the primary motor cortex is ___ organized : ___
somatotopically; homunculus
___ only receive unilateral contralateral innervation
muscles of the limbs
most muscles of the head and neck, with a few exceptions, receive ___ innervation
bilateral
apraxia is an impairment of ___
motor planning
the ___, in general, is responsible for motor planning
frontal lobe
the ___ and ___ tracts make up the pyramidal system; it is responsible for ___
corticospinal / corticobulbar; the execution of voluntary movements
the corticobulbar tract innervates ___
all the muscles of the head and neck
the extrapyramidal system helps to ___
regulate reflexes and maintain posture and tone
damage to the extrapyramidal system results in ___ and ___
hyperreflexia and spasticity
___ do NOT directly synapse on the lower motor neurons (LMNs)
control circuits
tremor, chorea, athetosis, dystonia, and myoclonus are all types of ___
dyskinesias
true or false: the cerebellum has lobes
true
the cerebellum has more ___ than ___ pathways
afferent; efferent
the main function of the cerebellum is ___ and ___
coordination of different muscle groups and balance
motor speech disorders (MSDs) tend to be closely associated with ___
damage to specific regions / systems within the nervous system
what is the origin of the current classification system for motor speech disorders (MSDs)?
mayo clinic in the late 60s
in the DIVA model, production of speech sounds starts via activation of cells in the speech sound map believe to be located in ___
the left ventral (inferior) premotor cortex and broca’s area
in the DIVA model, triggering-initiation of activated speech sounds occurs in ___
the initiation map in the SMA
in the DIVA model, motor commands describing the details of jaw height, tongue tip position, lip protrusion, etc. occurs in ___
the articulatory velocity and position map in the ventral motor cortex (primary motor cortex)
in the DIVA model, the two general components include ___ and ___
a feedforward and feedback control subsystem
in the DIVA model, the feedback subsystem compares an efferent copy to the ___ in order to ___
current auditory and somatosensory state; make any necessary adjustments
flaccid dysarthria is due to ___ damage
lower motor neuron (LMN)
the primary neuromuscular characteristic underlying flaccid dysarthria is ___
weakness
impairments in which subsystems is seen in flaccid dysarthria? (4)
respiration, phonation, resonance, articulation
___ usually results in a mild flaccid dysarthria
unilateral lower motor neuron damage
unilateral lower face weakness can be a sign of ___
unilateral upper motor neuron damage
spastic dysarthria is due to ___ damage
bilateral upper motor neuron (B) (UMN)
the neuromuscular characteristics underlying spastic dysarthria are ___ and ___
spasticity and weakness
what is the main difference between UUMN dysarthria and spastic dysarthria?
UUMN dysarthria has much milder speech symptoms and is due to unilateral upper motor neuron damage
motor impairments after an internal capsule lesion can be significant because ___
descending fibers are closely packed at this level
spasticity results from damage to ___
the indirect activation pathways that travel alongside the corticobulbar and corticospinal tracts
the confirmatory signs of spastic dysarthria are ___ (4)
spasticity, hyperreflexia, pathological oral reflexes, emotional lability (change)
true or false: all speech subsystems tend to be involved in spastic dysarthria
true
in left hemisphere lesions, ___ may mask the presence of a UUMN dysarthria
an aphasia or apraxia of speech
the confirmatory non speech symptoms of spastic dysarthria are ___ (2)
unilateral lower facial weakness, unilateral tongue weakness
the distinctive characteristics of spastic dysarthria are ___ and ___
slowness of speech and strained-harsh vocal quality
the characteristic speech signs of UUMN dysarthria are ___ and ___
mildness of deficits and articulation imprecision
ataxic dysarthria is due to ___
damage to the cerebellum and / or cerebellar control circuits
speech characteristics in ataxic dysarthria are primarily due to ___
impaired coordination
true or false: individuals with ataxic dysarthria may have a normal oral motor exam
true
the key speech characteristics in ataxic dysarthria are ___ (2)
irregular articulatory and prosodic errors
hypokinetic dysarthria is due to ___
damage to the basal ganglia and / or basal ganglia control circuits
damage to the basal ganglia generally results in either ___ or ___
a reduction of movement or dyskinesias
the most common cause of hypo kinetic dysarthria is ___
parkinson’s disease
parkinson’s disease is the result of ___
degeneration of the dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra
parkinson’s disease is characterized by ___ (4)
rigidity, reduced range of motion, difficulty initiating movements, resting tremors
the non speech signs of hypo kinetic dysarthria are ___ (3)
expressionless face, lip-tongue-jaw tremors at rest, and normal strength
speech characteristics of hypo kinetic dysarthria are ___ (4)
hypophonia, reduced loudness, monoloudness, fast speech rate tendencies
hyperkinetic dysarthria is due to ___
damage to the basal ganglia
___ underlie the speech impairments in hyperkinetic dysarthria
hyperkinesias
dyskinesias can usually be classified as ___ or ___
fast or slow
describe the oral motor exam of a hyperkinetic dysarthria
usually normal except for the presence of involuntary movements
although tremors can affect all muscles of speech production, it mostly affects ___
the voice
huntington’s disease is characterized by ___
quick, choreic movements
the speech characteristics of individuals with huntington’s disease are ___ (3)
sudden voice arrests with an intermittent strained quality, irregular articulatory breakdown, prosodic abnormalities (aprosodia)
___ movements are slow and sustained and can affect any of the speech subsystems
dystonic
which dysarthrias are due to laryngeal dystonia? (2)
adductor spasmodic dysphonia (intermittent strained vocal quality) and abductor spasmodic dysphonia (intermittent breathiness)
