Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

660 Midterm 1 > 558: Relevant Material > Flashcards

558: Relevant Material Flashcards

1
Q

name of the process of specifying spatial and temporal (sequencing) motor goals when formulating an action

A

motor planning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

premotor cortex (BA 6) : motor planning of the limbs influenced by external triggers :: ___ motor area : motor planning of the limbs influenced by intentions

A

supplementary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

name of the inability to execute skilled, learned motor acts NOT due to neurological or cerebellar damage; also referred to as an impairment of motor planning

A

apraxia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

motor planning : articulator specific motor goals :: motor ___ : muscle specific commands

A

programming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

according to ___, motor planning occurs first and is articulator specific as opposed to muscle specific

A

van der mewre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

regions responsible for motor ___ include: premotor cortex, supplementary motor cortex, Broca’s area, parietal association cortex, portions of insula, portions of basal ganglia

A

planning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

regions responsible for motor ___ include: basal ganglia, cerebellum, premotor and supplementary motor cortex

A

programming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts make up the ___ system and are responsible for the execution of ___ movements

A

pyramidal, voluntary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

name of the tract that originates in the cortex and descends toward lower motor neurons of the spinal cord; innervates muscles of the limbs

A

corticospinal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

name of the tract that originates in the cortex and descends toward lower motor neurons of the brainstem; innervates muscles of the head and neck including those involving speech and swallowing - except muscles of respiration

A

corticobulbar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

corticospinal : decussates at the pyramids of lower ___ :: corticobulbar : decussates at the level of the cranial nerve to be innervated

A

medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

choose: if the corticospinal pathway is damaged above the level of the crossing over in the lower medulla, you will see paresis / paralysis on the ( contralateral / ipsilateral ) side

A

contralateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

choose: if the corticospinal pathway is damaged below the level of the crossing over in the lower medulla, you will see paresis / paralysis on the ( contralateral / ipsilateral ) side

A

ipsilateral, because the pathways have already crossed over

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

___ levels of the pyramidal pathways used to describe levels of descending white matter pathways include: corona radiata, internal capsule, and crus cerebri

A

subcortical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

choose: lesions in the internal capsule have a ( greater / smaller ) chance of creating widespread impairments because fiber pathways are closely packed at this level

A

greater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

name of the system whose pathways communicate directly with lower motor neurons to directly transmit the final message (final common pathway) to the muscles

A

direct motor system

upper motor neurons : central nervous system :: lower motor neurons : spinal nerves and cranial nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

the motor unit consists of (1) the ___ motor neuron cell body in the spinal cord or brainstem (2) the ___ of nerve cell bodies becoming spinal nerves and cranial nerves (3) the point of ___ between the nerve and the muscle (4) individual ___ innervated by this nerve

A

(1) lower
(2) axon
(3) synapse
(4) muscle fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

paresis : partial paralysis :: paralysis : ___ paralysis

A

complete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

signs of ___ motor neuron damage include: hypertonia (spasticity), hyperreflexia, weakened and slowed speech, reduced range of motion in speech

A

upper

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

signs of ___ motor neuron damage include: hypotonia, paralysis / paresis, atrophy, hyporeflexia

A

lower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

name of the system composed of two subsystems, including: the indirect activation pathway and control circuits (basal ganglia, cerebellum)

A

extrapyramidal system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

name of the two-stage pathway that begins in the cortex, synapses on select nuclei in the brainstem, and then synapse on the cranial nerve nuclei (i.e. the lower motor neurons)

A

indirect activation pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

the indirect activation pathways helps to regulate ___ and maintain posture and tone

A

reflexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

damage to the indirect activation pathways results in hyperreflexia and ___ - which results in slowness and hyper adduction of the vocal folds and sometimes, spastic dysarthria or unilateral UMN dysarthria

A

spasticity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

name of the first stage pathway (of the indirect activation pathways) that begins in the motor, premotor, and sensory cortex and terminates in the reticular formation of the brainstem

A

corticoreticular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

name of the first stage pathway (of the indirect activation pathways) that begins in the cortex and terminates in the red nucleus of the midbrain

A

corticorublar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

choose: the ( first / second ) stage pathways (of the indirect activation pathways) run from the reticular formation, vestibular nuclei, and red nucleus to the cranial nerve nuclei

A

second

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

true or false: the control circuits of the basal ganglia and cerebellum directly synapse on the lower motor neurons

A

false, the control circuits of the basal ganglia and cerebellum DO NOT directly synapse on the lower motor neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

name of the group of subcortical nuclei involved in motor and cognitive behaviors, whose main nuclei include the striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen) and globus pallidus

A

basal ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

the function of the basal ganglia includes: motor and cognitive function, dampening cortical discharges and initiating ___

A

movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

damage to the basal ganglia may result in reduced movement or excess ___ movement

A

involuntary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Parkinson’s : reduced movement and trouble initiating movement :: ___ : excessive involuntary movements

A

Huntington’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

name of the disease caused by degeneration of the dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra; results in ( increased / reduced ) drive / excitation of motor regions of the cortex

A

Parkinson’s, reduced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

name of the genetic disease caused by damage to the striatum and cerebral cortex; results in ( increased / reduced ) excitation of the motor regions of the cortex

A

Huntington’s, increased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

symptoms of ___ disease include: rigidity, akinesia, bradykinesia, hypokinesia, and resting tremor

A

Parkinson’s

*note: increased tone (rigidity), difficulty initiating (a-), slow movement (brady-), fewer movement (hypo-)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

tremor, chorea, athetosis, dystonia, and myonucleus are all types of ___

A

dyskinesias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

the term “dyskinesia” is associated with ___ damage; it is also used to describe ___ disorders

A

extrapyramidal, movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

this lobular structure has significantly more afferent pathways than efferent pathways

A

cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

the main function of the cerebellum is coordination of different muscle groups and ___; it also plays a role in motor programming, maintenance of muscle tone, and motor learning

A

balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

the cerebellum helps to coordinate motor activity using feedforward and sensory feedback systems, which compares the ___ copy and actual sensory feedback to make error corrections as necessary

A

efference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

name of the term referring to the lack of coordination of ___ motor acts - affects rate, range, timing, direction, and force of movement

A

ataxia, voluntary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

name of the term referring to the inability to gauge the distance, speed, and power of movement

A

dysmetria

43
Q

undershooting : hypometria :: overshooting : ___

A

hypermetria

44
Q

true or false: hypertonia is a symptom of cerebellar damage

A

false, hypotonia is a symptom of cerebellar damage

45
Q

name of the category of motor speech syndromes characterized by abnormalities in strength, speed, range, steadiness, tone, or accuracy of movements required for control of respiratory, phonatory, resonator, articulatory, and prosodic aspects of speech production

A

dysarthria

46
Q

name of the category of motor speech syndromes whose central or PNS abnormalities most often reflect weakness, spasticity, incoordination, involuntary movements, slowness of speech, or excessive, reduced, or variable muscle tone

A

dysarthria

47
Q

UMN lesions : UUMN dysarthria and spastic dysarthria :: LMN lesions : ___ dysarthria

*note: UUMN (unilateral upper motor motor neuron)

A

flaccid

48
Q

name of the type of lesions responsible for both hypokinetic and hyperkinetic dysarthria

A

basal ganglia lesions

49
Q

name of the type of lesions responsible for ataxic dysarthria

A

cerebellar and cerebellar pathway lesions

50
Q

true or false: mixed lesions lead to mixed dysarthrias

A

true

51
Q

name of the type of dysarthria characterized by the following symptoms:

very mild, relative mildness of speech impairment, usually due to stroke, imprecise articulation (harshness, reduced loudness, hyper nasality, slow rate of speech)

A

UUMN (unilateral upper motor neuron) dysarthria

52
Q

re: UUMN dysarthria

where do these lesions occur?

A

unilateral upper motor neuron dysarthria; lesions in:

cerebral hemisphere (usually motor cortex), descending white matter pathways, internal capsule, brainstem

53
Q

name of the type of dysarthria characterized by the following non-speech oral mechanism findings:

unilateral lower facial weakness, unilateral tongue weakness

A

UUMN (unilateral upper motor neuron) dysarthria

54
Q

name of the type of dysarthria characterized by the following symptoms:

strained-harsh voice quality, monopitch, monoloudness, slow rate of speech (slow AMRs)

A

spastic dysarthria

55
Q

name of the measurement of rate, rhythm, precision, and range of motion of rapid movements of the lips, jaw, and tongue; patient is asked to breathe and repeat: /p p p/ /t t t/ and /k k k/

A

alternate motion rate (AMR)

56
Q

what is the AMR for normal adults?

A

5 - 6 syllables per second

57
Q

name of the type of lesions responsible for spastic dysarthria

A

central nervous system lesions and lesions affecting the upper motor neuron pathways

58
Q

name of the type of dysarthria characterized by the following non-speech oral mechanism findings:

slow rate of orofacial movements, reduced range of motion, hyperactive gag reflex, pseudo bulbar effect, pathologic laughter and crying, drooling, dysphagia

A

spastic dysarthria

59
Q

name of the type of dysarthria whose symptoms vary depending on the location of LMN damage, potentially affecting: respiration, phonation, resonance, and articulation

A

flaccid dysarthria

60
Q

damage to which cranial nerve results in the following flaccid dysarthria symptoms:

bilateral trigeminal weakness (reduced jaw movements, weakened closure, articulatory contacts between the tongue, lips, and teeth)

A

CN V

61
Q

damage to which cranial nerve results in the following flaccid dysarthria symptoms:

imprecise articulation of sounds requiring facial movements, paresis or bilateral weakness resulting in distortion of sounds, prevented production of bilabials and labiodentals if paralysis occurs bilaterally

A

CN VII

62
Q

damage to which cranial nerve results in the following flaccid dysarthria symptoms:

voice and resonance changes

A

CN X

*note: occurs because this cranial nerve innervates both the muscles of the larynx and soft palate

63
Q

damage to which cranial nerve results in the following flaccid dysarthria symptoms:

vocal cord paralysis, hoarseness, breathiness, diplophonia

A

CN X

*note: diplophonia is when two pitches are perceived rather than one because the two vocal cords are vibrating at different rates

64
Q

damage to which cranial nerve results in the following flaccid dysarthria symptoms:

vocal breathiness and / or inhalators stridor

A

CN X

65
Q

damage to which cranial nerve results in the following flaccid dysarthria symptoms:

restricted control of vocal pitch

A

CN X

66
Q

true or false: unilateral lesions of the superior laryngeal nerve produce significant dysphonia

A

false; they do not produce significant dysphonia

67
Q

damage to which cranial nerve results in the following flaccid dysarthria symptoms:

nasality, audible nasal emission, significant weakness of sounds requiring intramural pressure

A

CN X

68
Q

damage to which cranial nerve results in the following flaccid dysarthria symptoms:

articulatory tongue imprecisions (weakness, atrophy, and fasciculations)

A

CN XII

*note: unilateral hypoglossal lesions : mild articulatory imprecision :: bilateral lesions : severe articulatory imprecisions

69
Q

lesions in which areas often lead to flaccid dysarthria?

A

cell bodies, axons, or neuromuscular junction of the LMNs, CN V, VII, X, XII, cervical and thoracic spinal nerves

70
Q

name of the type of dysarthria characterized by the following non-speech oral mechanism findings:

damage expressed as weakness and loss of muscle tone, oral reflexes reduced or absent, atrophy of affected muscles, fasciculations

A

flaccid dysarthria

71
Q

name of the type of dysarthria characterized by the following speech symptoms:

“drunken” speech, slow speech rate, unsteady vowel prolongations, slow and irregular AMRs

A

ataxic dysarthria

72
Q

lesions in which areas often lead to ataxic dysarthria?

A

cerebellum or cerebellar control circuits / pathways

73
Q

name of the type of dysarthria characterized by the following non-speech oral mechanism findings:

normal size, strength, symmetry, and reflexes; slow, irregular jaw, face, and tongue movements during non-speech AMR tasks

A

ataxic dysarthria

74
Q

name of the type of dysarthria characterized by the following speech symptoms:

accelerated speech, hypophonia, arctic errors due to reduced range of motion, rapid (and “blurred”) speech AMRs

A

hypokinetic dysarthria

75
Q

lesions in which areas often lead to hypokinetic dysarthria?

A

basal ganglia control circuit (when diseased); frequent in persons with Parkinson’s disease

76
Q

name of the type of dysarthria characterized by the following non-speech oral mechanism findings:

expressionless face even during social interaction; tremors in the jaw, face, or tongue at rest; reduced range of motion of the jaw, face, and tongue during speech AMRs

A

hypokinetic dysarthria

77
Q

the following are two subtypes of which kind of dysarthria?

  1. quick or slow, rhythmic or arrhythmic, involuntary movements that interrupt, distort, or slow speech movements
  2. affect respiration, phonation, resonance, and articulation - often, prominent affects on prosody
A

hyperkinetic dysarthria

78
Q

name of the kind of hyperkinetic dysarthria characterized by the following speech symptoms:

rhythmic, quavering waxing, and waning vocal character; possibly abrupt voice arrests and slowed speech rates

A

tremor

79
Q

name of the kind of hyperkinetic dysarthria characterized by the following speech symptoms:

quick, unsustained, and unpredictable movements where abnormal speech characteristics depend on the structures (jaw, face, tongue, palate, larynx, respiratory system) affected

A

chorea

80
Q

name of the kind of hyperkinetic dysarthria characterized by the following speech symptoms:

quick, involuntary adductor or abductor movements; voice arrests with strained quality or transient breathiness; hyper nasality and nasal emissions; irregular articulatory breakdowns; prosodic abnormalities; irregular AMRs

A

chorea

81
Q

name of the kind of hyperkinetic dysarthria characterized by the following speech symptoms:

slow and sustained speech movements; slow, adventitious movements of lips, tongue, or jaw; can be confined to muscles for speed hand swallowing and triggered only by the act of speaking

A

dystonia

82
Q

name of the kind of hyperkinetic dysarthria characterized by the following speech symptoms:

__ductor spasmodic dysphonia : waxing / waning strained-harsh voice quality :: __ductor spasmodic dysphonia: breathy / aphonic segments of speech

A

layngeal dystonia;

[fill-ins] ad, ab

83
Q

name of the kind of hyperkinetic dysarthria characterized by the following speech symptoms:

hypernasality, significantly impaired articulation, abnormalities of prosody

A

dystonia

84
Q

lesions in which area often lead to hypokinetic dysarthria?

A

basal ganglia control circuits

85
Q

name of the type of dysarthria characterized by the following non-speech oral mechanism findings:

normal size, strength, and symmetry; no hyper or hyporeflexia; involuntary movements only observed during the oral motor exam

A

hyperkinetic dysarthria

86
Q

name of the category of motor speech syndromes characterized by disorders in motor planning

A

apraxia

87
Q

a disorder of learned movement

A

apraxia

88
Q

true or false: apraxia is caused by paralysis, weakness, or incoordination and is accounted for by sensory loss, comprehension deficits, or inattention to commands

A

false;

“disorder of learned movement, NOT caused by paralysis, weakness, or incoordination and CANNOT be accounted for by sensory loss, comprehension deficits, or inattention to commands”

89
Q

name of the kind of apraxia characterized by the following speech symptoms:

difficulty carrying out volitional, oral non-speech movements (not due to weakness, incoordination, sensory, or cognitive-linguistis impairment)

A

oral apraxia; also called nonverbal oral apraxia (NVOA)

90
Q

name of the kind of apraxia characterized by the following speech symptoms:

imprecise / distorted articulation (SODA); slow speech rate; prolonged consonants and vowels; syllabic production of speech

A

apraxia of speech (AOS)

91
Q

lesions in which areas often lead to apraxia of speech (AOS)?

A

middle cerebral artery, posterior portions of the frontal lobe (Broca’s area), parietal lobe, sometimes basal ganglia

*note: rarely seen in isolation; usually paired with aphasia and / or a unilateral UMN dysarthria

92
Q

___ is a function of the dominant hemisphere, and apraxia of speech is associated with left (___) hemisphere damage

A

praxis, dominant

93
Q

name of the type of apraxia characterized by the following non-speech oral mechanism findings:

right lower facial and tongue weakness due to involvement of the nearby corticobulbar pathway; co-occurance of nonverbal oral apraxia (but may also occur independently)

A

apraxia of speech (AOS)

94
Q

given that a patient has basal ganglia lesions, they will likely have a ___

hypokinetic : little excitation :: hyperkinetic : excess excitation

A

dysarthria

95
Q

UUMN (unilateral upper motor neuron) dysarthria is often ___ with lesions in the ___

A

mild; internal capsule

96
Q

dysarthrias due to UMN lesions include (2)

A

unilateral UMN dysarthria, spastic dysarthria

97
Q

dysarthrias due to LMN lesions include (1)

A

flaccid dysarthria

98
Q

dysarthrias due to cerebellar damage include (1)

A

ataxic dysarthria

99
Q

dysarthrias due to basal ganglia damage include (4)

A

hyperkinetic dysarthria, hypokinetic dysarthria (tremor, chorea, dystonia)

100
Q

in flaccid dysarthria, damage to this CN is expressed by reduced jaw movement and jaw closure; affected articulatory contacts between the tongue, lips, and teeth

A

trigeminal V

101
Q

in flaccid dysarthria, damage to this CN is expressed by imprecise articulation of sounds requiring facial movement, such as bilabials and labiodentals

A

facial VII

102
Q

in flaccid dysarthria, damage to this CN is expressed by vocal cord paralysis, hoarseness, breathiness, diplophonia, restricted vocal pitch, hypernasality

A

vagus X

103
Q

in flaccid dysarthria, damage to this CN is expressed by weakness, atrophy, fasciculations of the tongue; articulatory imprecisions of all lingual consonants

A

hypoglossal XII

660 Midterm 1 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions