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Neuroscience final > study guide heaven > Flashcards

study guide heaven Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 cortical lobes

A

temporal parietal occipital frontal

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2
Q

schwann cells

A

myelinate axons in the peripheral nervous system. these cells can regrow

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3
Q

oligodendrocyte

A

myelinate axons in the central nervous system. cant regrow

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4
Q

agonist

A

increases synaptic activity

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5
Q

antagonist

A

decreases synaptic activity

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6
Q

what are motor neurons?

A

a neuron who’s “target” is a muscle

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7
Q

Action potential

A

A transient reversal of a membrane potential is an action potential (a change in voltage across time)

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8
Q

Ventricles

A

One of the four cavities in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid that cushions the brain and may play a role in maintaining brain metabolism.

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9
Q

cytoarchitectonic map

A

Map of the neocortex based on the organization, structure, and distribution of cells.

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10
Q

Receptors

A

“parts of the cell that a drug specifically binds to.”

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11
Q

Cerebral ventricals and CSF

A

Cushon and bathe the brain

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12
Q

What is a drug?

A

Any chemical administered to bring about some desired change in the body. The difference between a drug and a toxin is the desired outcome

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13
Q

Refactory period

A

the period of time after an action potential has fired when the cell is hyperpolarized making it harder to fire a second action potential.

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14
Q

Absolute refactory period.

A

a period of time when a neuron is unable to fire an action potential.

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15
Q

What categories of molecules act as neurotransmiters?

A
  • Small molecules
  • Peptide neurotransmitters
  • Transmitter gases
  • Other neurotransmitters
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16
Q

Is the process of neurotransmitting passive or active?

A

active

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17
Q

What is a neurotransmitter receptor?

A

A protein that is in the post-synaptic membrane. It’s only job is to receive neurotransmitters.

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18
Q

Where is the primary somatosensory, and motor cortex located?

A
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19
Q

Corticospinal tract

A

A tract (or collection of axons in the CNS) that travels from the cortex to the spine.

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20
Q

where do the corticospinal tracts end up on the brain stem? and what do they make up?

A

on the ventral surface.

pyramids on the ventral surface of the medulla.

.

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21
Q

Where does the corticospinal tract partially crosses over (or decussate)?

A

At the pyramids

22
Q

The partial crossing over results in two corticospinal tracts, the _______ and ________ corticospinal tracts.

A

lateral and ventral

23
Q

Ventral corticospinal tracts

A

comprised of the axons that don’t cross over at the pyramids and target ipsilateral trunk muscles.

24
Q

Lateral corticospinal tracts

A

carries crossed over axons, which ultimately target contralateral limb and digit muscles.

25
Q

1 sent. definition of basal ganglia.

A

A filter for cortical activity

26
Q

The axon hillick has alot of _______ channels

A

Voltage gated sodium channels.

27
Q

What ion does GABA usually let in?

A

Cl-

28
Q

Golgi Stain

A

Stains about 1 in every 1,000 neurons

29
Q

Why are huntingtons patients initally hyperkenetic?

A

there are two pathways from the basal ganglia back to the cortex. one is excititory and the other is inhibitory. initally in HD the inhibituary path of neurons begin to decay so the cortex only recieves excititory input from the basal ganglia.

30
Q

What are the positive symptoms of parkinsons desease?

A
  • Tremor at rest
  • Muscular Rigidity
  • Involuntary movements
31
Q

What are the negitive symptoms of parkinsons disease?

A

– Posture
– Righting
– Locomotion
– Speech
– Akinesia

32
Q

What neurons are going to die if you have parkinsons disease?

What precent of them are going to die?

A

Parkinson’s Disease is caused by the loss of neurons in the midbrain in a region called the ‘substantia nigra’.

Up to 80-­‐90% of dopamine function in the substantia nigra is gone by the time observable symptoms of PD appear.

33
Q

What is a lewy body?

A

large, cytoplasmic, clumps of protein that displace other parts of the cell.

34
Q

What specific protein is a major constitute to lewy bodies?

A

alpha-­‐synuclein.

35
Q

What dopamenergic receptor is responsible for raising cAMP?

A

D1 receptors raise cAMP

D2 receptors decrease cAMP

36
Q

Which receptor is the target for many anti-psychotic drugs?

A

D2

37
Q

Chorea (check book)

A

a symptom in HD paitents where the person has little fragments of intentional movement.

38
Q

___% of HD cases are genetic
.

___% of children recieve HD from their parents.

A

100

50

39
Q

Why does the number of repeats matter for HD? (CAGCAGCAGCAGCAGCAG)

A

The more CAG repetitions someone has in their gene, the earlier they will get Huntington’s disease.

40
Q

What type of neurons are largly at loss in HD patients?

A

Medium spiny neurons

41
Q

Aggregates

A

Clumps of protein that are found in the brains of many
neurodegenerative patients. Just because these exist in HD patients doesnt mean that they are the cause of the cell death

42
Q

what are the three ‘movement’ structures of the brain and what types of learning do they involve?

A

Cortex- “unsupervised learning”
Basal Ganglia- “reinforcement learning”
Cerebellum- “supervised learning”

43
Q

What are the projection cells called in the basal ganglia

A

Purkinje cells

44
Q

What part of the brain plays a role in tourettes?

A

the basal ganglia

45
Q

Tardive dyskinesia

A

difficult-to-treat and often incurable

results in involuntary, repetitive body movements.

these involuntary movements are tardive, meaning they have a slow or belated onset.

most frequently occurs as the result of long-term or high-dose use of antipsychotic drugs

46
Q

Why is dopamine important in parkinsons disease?

A

Most antipsychotic drugs are antagonists of dopaminergic D2 receptors in the nigrostriatal pathway.

47
Q

What are the two pathways in the basal ganglia?

A

direct

indirect

If the direct pathway is activated, the globus pallidus internal (GPi) is inhibited, and the pathway is freed to produce movement.

If the indirect pathway is activated, the (GPi) is activated and inhibits the thalamus, thus blocking movement.

48
Q

How is the motor cortex organized?

A

Like the somatosensory cortex, the motor cortex has a homunculus, or little man, forming a topographic map between body and cortex.

49
Q

basic basal ganglia anatomy

A

Input: Putamen and Caudate

Output: Globus pallidus

50
Q

how are neurons structured in the cerebellum?

A

very stereotypically

51
Q

What is the cerebellums job?

A

The cerebellum appears to be comparing the initial motor instructions to what actually happened – checking for errors.

Neuroscience final (7 decks)

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