Study Guide for The test Flashcards
Where did the Industrial Revolution Begin? What was the main resource that cultivated the revolution?
18th century Great Britain and coal allowed steam engines to be used. This allowed Western Europe to become super wealthy.
What are the Primary Industrial Regions?
North America: Manufacturing began in New England during the colonial period; benefit from the ability of its companies to acquire needed raw materials from overseas sources.
Russia and Ukraine: St. Petersburg attracted industries including shipbuilding, chemical production, food processing, and textile making.
East Asia: Manufacturing in Japan depends on raw materials imported from other parts of the world; the dominant region is the Kanto Plain
What was Fordist Production
was the dominant mode of mass production that endured from 1945 to 1970, named for Henry Ford.
The Fordist period is marked by a surge in both mass production and mass consumption.
Vertical Integration
When a single entity controls the entire process of the product, from the raw materials to distribution.
Friction of distance
the increase in time and cost that usually comes with increased distance over which commodities must travel.
What is the least cost theory?
British economist Alfred Marshall: localization
Geographer Alfred Weber: least cost theory focused on a factory owner’s desire to minimize three categories of costs:
Transportation
Labor
Agglomeration
Why are situation factors important?
Proximity to inputs Bulk reducing industries Proximity to markets Bulk gaining industries Ship(cheapest), Rail(middle), Truck(expensive) or Air?
What is the Hotelling Theory
when competing on location, each business wants the central point as it is the most strategic spot that allows it to be as close to as many customers as possible. Since every business has the same mindset, they will be competing with one another which eventually causes similar businesses to end up in a cluster focused on one specific point
What are some factors that affect the site of a business
Based on Variable costs and Fixed costs
Land-factories are usually rural or suburban, need large tracts of land to build 1 story (more energy efficient and cheaper)
Low-electrical rates
Amenities, mild climate, opportunities for outdoor recreation, usually south or west
Cultural centers or sports franchises, whatever the owner’s interests are
Flexible production systems
Firms can pick and choose among a multitude of suppliers and production strategies in distant places, and then quickly shift their choices in response to adjustments in production costs or consumer demand.
Commodification
Goods that were not previously bought, sold, and traded gain a monetary value and are bought, sold, and traded on the market.
Product life cycle
hanges in the production of a good over time take place. Introduction Growth Maturity Decline
Just-in-time delivery (aka Lean Production)
Companies keep just what they need for short-term production and new parts are shipped quickly when needed.
Intermodal connections
places where two or more modes of transportation meet in order to ease the flow of goods and reduce the costs of transportation.
Regulatory Circumstances
Regional trade organizations such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the European Union (EU) have trade agreements that influence where imported goods are produced.
Deindustrialization
is a process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions.
New industrial regions emerge as shifts in politics, laws, capital flow, and labor availability occur.
East Asia has become a particularly important new region of industrialization.
Brownfields-what can be done revitalize
NIC (newly industrializing countries)
Four Tigers of East and Southeast Asia: South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5CUz81Y6LO0
The tigers emerged as the first newly industrializing countries (NICs).
Hong Kong became mainland China’s gateway.
To the world, a bustling port, financial center, and break-of-bulk point, where goods are transferred from one mode of transport to another.
The industrial growth of Singapore also was influenced by its geographical setting and the changing global economic division of labor.
By early 1998 one of the Four Tigers, South Korea, required a massive infusion of dollars to prevent economic chaos.
Chinese Juggernaut
China’s major industrial expansion occurred during the communist period.
Under state planning rules, the Northeast district became China’s industrial heartland, a complex of heavy industries based on the region’s coal and iron deposits located in the basin of the Liao River.
The second largest industrial region in China, the Shanghai and the Chang Jiang district , developed in and around the country’s biggest city, Shanghai.
China’s large labor force has attracted hundreds of international companies.
The Northeast has become China’s “Rust Belt.”
Today, the Chinese government is pushing industrialization into the interior of the country, with new investment flowing into poorer parts of the central and western portions of the country.
BRICS: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa; these countries are evidence of a shift in global economic power away from the traditional economic core.
India has recently become the world’s sixth largest economy.
India has no major oil reserves, so it must spend heavily on oil energy.
How Have Deindustrialization and the Rise of Service Industries Altered the Economic Geography of Production?
Service industries (tertiary industries) encompass the range of services that are found in modern societies.
Quaternary industries: the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital.
Quinary industries: activities that facilitate complex decision making and the advancement of human capacities.
Geographical Dimensions of the
Service Economy
Deindustrialization did little to change the basic disparities between core and periphery that have long characterized the global economy.
The industrial zone of the northeastern United States (around the Great Lakes) lost much of its industrial base and is now commonly called the Rust Belt.
The Sun Belt is a secondary industrial region that has made the transition to a viable service economy fairly successfully.
New Patterns of Economic Activity
Technologies such as GIS can help to model the best locations for new businesses, office complexes, government centers, or transportation connections.
Major retailers change the economic prospects and physical landscapes of the places where their headquarters are located. Ex.: Walmart
The locational influences on quaternary services are more diverse.
Those who work in the quinary sector tend to be concentrated around governmental seats, universities, and corporate headquarters.
Ways of measuring development fit into three major areas of concern
development in economic welfare, development in technology and production, and development in social welfare.
Downfall of GNI
GNI per capita masks extremes in the distribution of wealth within a country.
GNI per capita measures only outputs (i.e., production). It does not take into account the nonmonetary costs of production.
The limitations of GNI have prompted some analysts to look for alternative measures of economic development, ways of measuring the roles that technology, production, transportation, and communications play in an economy.
Dependency ratio:
a measure of the number of dependents, young and old, that each 100 employed people must support.
A high dependency ratio can result in significant economic and social strain
dimension of social welfare
literacy rates, infant mortality, life expectancy, caloric intake per person, percentage of family income spent on food, and amount of savings per capita.
Rostow Modernization Downfall
assumes that all countries follow a similar path to development or modernization, advancing through five stages of development. Very linear
What the 5 stages of rostows model
The society is traditional, and the dominant activity is subsistence farming.
Preconditions of takeoff: New leadership moves the country toward greater flexibility, openness, and diversification.
Takeoff: the country experiences something akin to an Industrial Revolution, and sustained growth takes hold.
Drive to maturity: Technologies diffuse, industrial specialization occurs, and international trade expands.
High mass consumption: high incomes and widespread production of many goods and services.
This ladder assumes that all countries can reach the same level of development and that all will follow a similar path.
Neocolonialism
the major world powers continue to control the economies of the poorer countries, even though the poorer countries are now politically independent states.
Structuralist theory
holds that difficult-to-change, large-scale economic arrangements shape what can happen in fundamental ways. The idea that countries give out loans.
Dependency Theory
Holds that the political and economic relationships between countries and regions of the world control and limit the economic development possibilities of poorer areas.
Dollarization: the country’s currency, the colon, was abandoned in favor of the dollar.
Immanuel Wallerstein’s world-systems theory
Three-tier structure—the core, periphery, and semiperiphery—helps explain the interconnections between places in the global economy.
When core processes are embedded in a place, wealth is generated for the people in that place.
Peripheral processes require little education, lower technologies, and lower wages and benefits.
The semiperiphery exhibits both core and peripheral processes, and semiperipheral places serve as a buffer between the core and periphery in the world-economy.
Flaws of World-systems theory
power relations among places explicit and does not assume that socioeconomic change will occur in the same way in all places.
World-systems theorists see domination (exploitation) as a function of the capitalist drive for profit in the global economy.
World-systems theory is applicable at scales beyond the state.
Millennium Development Goals
- Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.
- Achieve universal primary education.
- Promote gender equality and empower women.
- Reduce child mortality.
- Improve maternal health.
- Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases.
- Ensure environmental sustainability.
- Develop a global partnership for development.
Barriers to Economic Development
Social Conditions
High birth rates and low life expectancies at birth, high infant and child mortality rates, lack of access to healthcare, lack of access to education: trafficking
Foreign Debt
structural adjustment loans, neoliberalism (the idea that government intervention into markets is inefficient and undesirable, and should be resisted wherever possible)
Disease
Those living in the global economic periphery experience comparatively high rates of disease and a corresponding lack of adequate health care:
Vectored diseases: those spread by one host (person) to another by an intermediate host or vector
Malaria: the “silent tsunami”
Islands of Development
a government or corporation builds up and concentrates economic development in a certain city or small region.
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)
try to improve the plight of people.
Each NGO has its own set of goals, depending on the primary concerns outlined by its founders and financiers.
Microcredit programs give loans to poor people, particularly women, to encourage the development of small businesses.
How Have Identities Changed in a Globalized World?
Globalization networks link us with other people and places, and the flow of information technology is a daily way in which we are interlinked with the globe.
People identify themselves by identifying with or against others at local, regional, and global scales.
As the flow of information continues, many people feel a need to make sense of the world by identifying with people and places.
Personal Connectedness
The idea that people around the world are linked and have shared experiences, such as death, tragedy, sorrow, and even joy, draws from Benedict Anderson’s concept of the nation as an imagined community.
The desire to personalize, to localize, a tragedy or even a joyous event feeds off of the imagined global community in which we live.
In the process of personalizing and localizing, events can be globalized in an effort to appeal to the humanity of all people with the hope that all will feel or experience the loss or joy tangentially.
Political Corruption
Can greatly impede economic development.
In peripheral countries, a wide divide often exists between the very wealthy and the poorest of the poor.
Countries of the core have established democracies for themselves but countries in the periphery and semiperiphery have had a much harder time establishing and maintaining democracies.
In places where poverty is rampant, politicians often become corrupt, misusing aid and exacerbating the plight of the poor.
In low-income countries, corrupt leaders can stay in power for decades.
Agriculture
In peripheral countries, agriculture typically focuses on personal consumption or on production for a large agricultural conglomerate.
Little is produced for the local marketplace because distribution systems are poorly organized.
On the farms in the periphery, yields per unit area are low, subsistence modes of life prevail, and many families are constantly in debt.
Desertification is more often exacerbated by humans destroying vegetation and eroding soils through the overuse of lands for livestock grazing or crop production.
Africa has been hit hardest by desertification.
Tourism
Now one of the major industries in the world and has surpassed oil in its overall economic value.
To develop tourism, the “host” country must make a substantial investment.
Much of the income a country receives from tourism revenues are reinvested in the construction of airports, cruise-ports, and other infrastructure that supports more tourism.
Tourism can create local jobs, but they are often low-paying and have little job security.
Tourism frequently strains the fabric of local communities.
The cultural landscape of tourism is frequently a study in harsh contrasts.
The role of governments
The distribution of wealth is affected by tariffs, trade agreements, taxation structures, land ownership rules, environmental regulations.
Government policies play an important role at the interstate level, but they also shape patterns of development within states.
Government policy can also help alleviate uneven development.
How Have Identities Changed in a Globalized World?
Globalization networks link us with other people and places, and the flow of information technology is a daily way in which we are interlinked with the globe.
People identify themselves by identifying with or against others at local, regional, and global scales.
As the flow of information continues, many people feel a need to make sense of the world by identifying with people and places.
Personal Connectedness
The idea that people around the world are linked and have shared experiences, such as death, tragedy, sorrow, and even joy, draws from Benedict Anderson’s concept of the nation as an imagined community.
The desire to personalize , to localize, a tragedy or even a joyous event feeds off of the imagined global community in which we live.
In the process of personalizing and localizing, events can be globalized in an effort to appeal to the humanity of all people with the hope that all will feel or experience the loss or joy tangentially.
