Study Guide for Science Ch 3 and 4

Question 1

Movement of particles from areas of high concentration to low concentration, not water

Answer 1

Diffusion

Question 2

The diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane

Answer 2

Osmosis

Question 3

Chromosomes that have the same set of genes and the same structure.

Answer 3

homologous chromosomes

Question 4

An organism that consists of a single cell, they do not have a nucleus

Answer 4

prokaryote

Question 5

An organism made up of cells that have a nucleus enclosed by a membrane, they include animals, plants, and fungi, but not archaebacteria or eubacteria.

Answer 5

eukaryote

Question 6

Also known as bacteria. They are the world’s smallest cell, they do not have a nucleus but they do have DNA. Are made up of DNA, flagellum, cell membrane, and cell wall. No membrane covered organelles, but they do have ribosomes. Type of prokaryote

Answer 6

eubacteria

Question 7

Also a type of prokaryote. Have ribsomes, cell membrane and circular DNA, lacks nucleus and membrane bound organelles. Have a cell wall and a cell membrane like no other cells. Three types, heat-loving, salt-loving, and methane-loving. Some are extremeophiles

Answer 7

archaebacteria

Question 8

Found in the inner membrane of a chloroplast. Traps energy of the sunlight and uses it to make sugar.

Answer 8

Chlorophyll

Question 9

One kind of fermentation causes buildup of {fill in the blank} which causes muscle burning and muscle fatigue.

Answer 9

Lactic Acid

Question 10

Studied pond scum with a microscope he built himself, saw small organisms, named them animalcules (little animals). These were actually protists, a type of single-celled organism. He discovered that fish, bird, and frogs blood cells were different from human and dog cells. First person to see bacteria, and discovered that yeast is a single-celled organism.

Answer 10

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Question 11

The first person to describe cells. He described cork cells in 1665. Looked at cork cells first and also looked at feathers, fish scales, the eyes of horseflies, as well as plants and other fungi.

Answer 11

Robert Hooke

Question 12

Studied plants and concluded in 1838 that all plant parts were made of cells.

Answer 12

Matthias Schleiden

Question 13

Studied animals and in 1839 concluded that all animal tissues were made of cells. Wrote the first two parts of cell theory (All organisms are made from one or more cells, and the cells is basic unit of all living things).

Answer 13

Theodor Schwann

Question 14

A doctor who concluded in 1858 that all cells could only form from existing cells. Added the 3rd and final part of the cells theory (all cells come from existing cells).

Answer 14

Rudolf Virchow

Question 15

What are the levels of organisation?

Answer 15

Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Question 16

What are the benefits of multi-cellular organisms?

Answer 16

Larger size (prey for fewer predators, can eat a larger variety of prey the larger it is), longer life (life span not limited to one cell), specialization (each type of cell has a particular job, makes the organism more efficient).

Question 17

As a cell’s volume increase it’s surface area increase to. The volume grows faster than the surface area. If the a cell got too large the surface area would not be able to take in food/nutrients or pump out waste. This is the reason cells are so small.

Answer 17

Surface area-to-volume ratio

Question 18

What three people formed the cell theory?

Answer 18

Matthias Schleiden (1838), Theodor Schwann (1839) and Ruldolf Virchow (1858).

Question 19

What are the three parts of cell theory?

Answer 19

All organisms are made of one or more cells, the cell is the basic unit of all living things (Schleiden/Schwann), and all cells come from existing cells (Virchow).

Question 20

Difference between endocytosis and exocytosis.

Answer 20

Endocytosis is the active transport process where a cell membrane surrounds a particle and encloses the particle in a vesicle to bring the particle into the cell. Exocytosis is when a cell releases a particle by packaging it in a vesicle. The vesicle travels to the cell membrane and fuses with it, then the cell releases the particle to outside of the cell.

Question 21

What are the 6 steps of the cells cycle?

Answer 21

1. Interphase (Copying DNA)
   2, Prophase (beginning of mitosis, nuclear membrane dissolves and chromosomes condense into rodlike structures)
2. Metaphase (chromosomes line up on the equator of the cell, homologous chromosomes pair up)
3. Anaphase (chromatids separate and move to opposite sides of the cell)
4. Telophase (A nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes, chromosomes unwind, last phase of mitosis)
5. Cytokinesis (In cells that lack a cell wall the cell will pinch in two [cytoplasm divides], in cells that have a cell wall a cell plate will form between the cells]

Question 22

What are the 4 phases of mitosis?

Answer 22

1. Prophase
2. Metaphase
3. Anaphase
4. Telophase

Question 23

The process where plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to make food. Chlorophyll captures energy plants change carbon dioxide and water into food(glucose). Makes glucose and oxygen, releases oxygen.

Answer 23

Photosynthesis

Question 24

Process where cells use oxygen to produce energy from food. Mostly takes place in the cell membrane of prokaryotic cells. When it happens in eukaryotic cells, it happens in the mitochondria. Releases carbon dioxide and water.

Answer 24

Cellular Respiration

Question 25

What is the difference between passive and active transport?

Answer 25

The difference between passive and active transport is that active transport is the movement of particles across a cell membrane that requires the cell to USE energy. Whereas passive transport is the movement of substances across a cell membrane WITHOUT the use of energy by the cell.

Question 26

The organelle that contains the cell’s DNA and is the control center of the cell

Answer 26

Nucleus

Question 27

Where the cell begins to make it’s ribosomes

Answer 27

Nucleolus

Question 28

The organelle in which amino acids are hooked together to make proteins

Answer 28

Ribosomes

Question 29

The organelle that makes lipids, breaks down drugs and other substances, and packages proteins for the Golgi complex

Answer 29

Endoplasmic reticulum

Question 30

Type of ER that has ribosomes attached to it

Answer 30

Rough ER

Question 31

Type of ER that has no ribosomes attached to it

Answer 31

Smooth ER

Question 32

The organelle that breaks down food molecules to make ATP

Answer 32

Mitochondria

Question 33

The organelle that uses the energy of sunlight to make food, only in plants

Answer 33

Chloroplast

Question 34

The organelle that processes and transports proteins and other materials out of the cell

Answer 34

Golgi complex/body/apparatis

Question 35

A small cavity or sac that contains materials in a eukaryotic cell. The bubble that forms from the Golgi complex’s membrane

Answer 35

Vesicle

Question 36

The organelle that stores water and other materials

Answer 36

Vacuole

Question 37

The organelle the digests food particles, wastes, cell parts, and foreign invaders.

Answer 37

Lysosome

Question 38

What is the difference between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration?

Answer 38

Aerobic respiration is when food breaks down, combines, with oxygen produces H2O and CO2, stored in ATP molecules. Anaerobic respiration is when energy is released and ATP produced without oxygen (also called fermentation).