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Science 8 > Study Guide For Physical Science > Flashcards

Study Guide For Physical Science Flashcards

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1
Q

A small particle that is a building block of matter

A

Atoms

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2
Q

Its value depends on the size of a sample

A

Size dependent

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3
Q

Does not depend on the amount of matter present

A

Size independent

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4
Q

The mass per unit volume of a substance

A

Density

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5
Q

It is a homogenous mixture,it is evenly mixed, but not bonded together

A

Solution

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6
Q

Matter that can vary in composition;no chemical reaction

A

Mixture

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7
Q

A type of substance containing atoms of two or more different elements chemically bonded together

A

Compound

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8
Q

A characteristic of matter that you observe or measure without changing the identity of matter

A

Physical properties

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9
Q

Any of a material’s properties that becomes evident during,or after,a chemical reaction

A

Chemical properties

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10
Q

A change in size,shape,form, or state of matter in which the matter’s identity stays the same

A

Physical change

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11
Q

A change in matter in which the substances that make up the matter change into other substances with new physical and chemical properties

A

Chemical change

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12
Q

When atoms bond together in new combinations

A

Chemical reaction

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13
Q

The amount of substance in a certain volume

A

Concentration

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14
Q

Type of mixture on which the individual substances are evenly mixed

A

Homogeneous

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15
Q

Type of mixture in which the individual substances are unevenly mixed

A

Heterogeneous mixture

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16
Q

Matter that has a definite shape and a definite volume

A

Solids

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17
Q

Matter with a definite volume but no definite shape

A

Liquids

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18
Q

Matter that has no definite shape or volume

A

Gases

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19
Q

The uneven forces acting on the particles on the surface of a liquid

A

Surface tension

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20
Q

Type of state where the atoms come apart

A

Plasma

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21
Q

Changing to gas to a liquid

A

Condensation

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22
Q

The change of a state from a gas to a solid

A

Deposition

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23
Q

The change of state from a solid to a gas;boiling and evaporation

A

Sublimation

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24
Q

The change in state of a liquid into a gas

A

Vaporization

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25
Q

The energy an object has due to its motion

A

Kinetic energy

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26
Q

Stored energy due to the interactions between particles or objects

A

Potential energy

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27
Q

States that pressure of a gas increases if the volumes decreases and pressure of a gas decreases if the volume increases,when temperature is constant

A

Boyle’s law

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28
Q

States that the volume of a gas increases with increasing temperature if the pressure is constant

A

Charles’s Law

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29
Q

A measure of the average kinetic energy of all the particles in an object

A

Temperature

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30
Q

The amount of force appointed per unit of area

A

Pressure

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31
Q

Be able to identify a change of state by a description

A

Freezing is changing a liquid to solid by the particles losing energy and clumping together

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32
Q

Be able to explain how energy of particles causes changes in the states of matter

A

It depends who fast the atoms are going

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33
Q

Explain how a ship made of materials that are much denser than water is able to float on water

A

The particles are close together and moving all the time that it makes a solid and it is hollow so that’s why it floats

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34
Q

Atoms with a positive charge

A

Protons

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35
Q

Atoms with no charge

A

Neutrons

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36
Q

Atoms with a negative charge

A

Electrons

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37
Q

Most of the atom’s mass and positive charge is concentrated in a small area in the center of an atom

A

Nucleus

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38
Q

When an alpha particle is made up of two protons and two neutrons

A

Alpha decay

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39
Q

When a neutron in an atom changes into a proton and a high energy electron

A

Beta decay

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40
Q

Do not contain particles,but do contain a lot of energy

A

Gamma decay

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41
Q

The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom

A

Mass number

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42
Q

Did not believe that empty space exists;all matter is made up of fire,water,air,and earth

A

Aristotle

43
Q

Atoms are small solid objects that cannot be divided created or destroyed

A

Democratis

44
Q

He combined data from his own scientific research with data from the research of other scientists to propose the atomic theory

A

Dalton

45
Q

Discovered that if the most of the air was removed from the tube and electricity was passed through the wires,greenish-colored rays traveled from one electrode to the other end of the tube;proposed that an atom was a sphere with a positive charge evenly spread throughout

A

Thomson

46
Q

Discovered with the gold foil experiment that the alpha particles struck something dense and positively charged inside the nucleus;concluded that the atoms are mostly made of empty space

A

Rutherford

47
Q

He experimented with adding electric energy to hydrogen and studying the energy that was released,that led to a revised atomic model;proposed that electrons move in circular orbits,or energy levels

A

Bohr

48
Q

Explain Henri Bacquerel’s discovery and how it happened

.

A

He studied minerals containing the element uranium.If Becquerel covered a photographic plate with black paper,this energy would pass through the paper and expose the film.He left the mineral next to a wrapped,unexposed plate in a drawer.He opened the drawer unwrapped the plate and saw it had a image of the material.

49
Q

What can differ between atoms of different elements

A

Atoms of different elements contain different number of protons

50
Q

What have scientist had problems describing the shape and content of an atom?

A

Scientists don’t know the speed and the exact location of an electron at any given moment

51
Q

Describe where electrons are in an atom,where they have the lowest energy and where they have the highest energy?

A

The electrons move around the atom,and they have the lowest energy being farther away from the nucleus,and they have the highest energy being closer to the nucleus

52
Q

A repeating pattern

A

Periodic

53
Q

The rows on a periodic table

A

Period

54
Q

A column on the periodic table

A

Group

55
Q

The number of protons in an atom of an element

A

Atomic number

56
Q

The elements in group 1

A

Alkali metals

57
Q

The elements in group 2 on the periodic table

A

Alkaline earth metals

58
Q

The elements in groups 3-12

A

Transition metals

59
Q

an element in group 17 of the periodic table

A

Halogens

60
Q

The elements in group 18

A

Noble gases

61
Q

Why are noble gases called that

A

They only combine with other noble gases

62
Q

Be able to explain the location of metals,nonmetals,and metalloids

A

Metals-left side
Metalloids-middle
Nonmetals-right side

63
Q

What are the main characteristics of metals?

A

Has luster(ability to reflect light),good conductor of electricity and thermal energy,has ductility(ability to be pulled into thin wires),and malleability(ability to be hammered or rolled into sheets)

64
Q

What are the characteristics of metalloids?

A

They are semiconductors (ability to conduct electricity at high temperatures but not at low temperatures),

65
Q

What are characteristics of nonmetals?

A

Gases at room temperature,poor conductors of thermal energy and electricity,good insulators

66
Q

What takes up three fourths of the periodic table ?

A

Metals

67
Q

Which type of element would you predict is used to make computer chips?

A

Silicon because it is used for computers and other electronic devices

68
Q

How many valence electrons are needed for most atoms to be considered chemically stable?

A

8 valence electrons

69
Q

How many electrons will fill the firsts two electron clouds?

A

8

70
Q

The attraction between positively and negatively charged ions in an ionic compound

A

Ionic bond

71
Q

Chemical bond formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons

A

Covalent bond

72
Q

Group of atoms held together by covalent bonding that acts as an independent unit

A

Molecules

73
Q

A bond formed when many metal atoms share their pooled valence electrons

A

Metallic bond

74
Q

A molecule that has a partial negative end because of unequal sharing of electrons

A

Polar bonds

75
Q

An atom that is no longer electrically neutral because it has lost or gained electrons

A

Ions

76
Q

Example of covalent bond

A

Water

77
Q

Example of ionic bond

A

Salt

78
Q

Shows atoms and valence electrons

A

Dot diagram

79
Q

Shows atoms and lines;each line represents one shared pair of electrons

A

Structural formula

80
Q

Balls represent atoms

A

Ball and stick model

81
Q

What is one of the most abundant metals on earth

A

The metalloid silicon

82
Q

A group 2 element such as beryllium is an example of an….

A

Alkaline earth metal

83
Q

a group 1 element such as potassium is an example of an……

A

Alkali metal

84
Q

How are elements arranged on the periodic table?

A

In rows and columns accord in to their properties

85
Q

Which state,not described how melting point changes across a period on the periodic table?

A

Melting point increases and then decreases

86
Q

Sometimes conducts electricity like a metal and sometimes blocks the flow like a nonmetal

A

Semiconductor

87
Q

Where are the majority of the metals in the periodic table?

A

In groups 1-12

88
Q

Which group of elements is between the metals and nonmetals

A

Metalloids

89
Q

What allowed scientists to see an individual atom for the first time ?

A

Scanning tunneling microscopes

90
Q

The atomic theories of Dalton and Democritus included the idea that atoms….

A

Cannot be divided created or destroyed

91
Q

Two atoms of different elements will definitely have different number of….

A

Protons

92
Q

Based on his research,James Chadwick concluded that…..

A

The nucleus contains neutrons as well as protons

93
Q

An ion that has a negative charge is formed when an atom….

A

Gains electrons

94
Q

What is a weighted average that reflects the abundance of different isotopes?

A

Average atomic mass

95
Q

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

A

Isotopes

96
Q

Which is a property of covalent bonds?

A

Poor conductor

97
Q

Which type of covalent bond is the strongest ?

A

Triple covalent bond

98
Q

What is an ionic bond formed between?

A

A metal and a nonmetal

99
Q

A bond between positively and negatively charged atoms

A

Ionic bond

100
Q

A force that holds atoms together

A

Chemical bond

101
Q

A chemical bond formed when valence electrons are shared among positively charged atoms

A

Metallic bond

102
Q

Describe how the atomic numbers of the different elements change as you move from left to right on the periodic table

A

They increase as you move from left to right

103
Q

Anthing that has mass and takes up space

A

Matter

104
Q

Spheres represent atoms;used to show three dimensional arrangement of atoms

A

Space filling model

Science 8 (3 decks)

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