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Developmental Psych Final Exam > Study Guide Flashcards > Flashcards

Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Article 2 of the rights of the child?

A

non-descrimination
The Convention applies to all children, whatever their race, religion or abilities; whatever they think or say, whatever type of family they come from. It doesn’t matter where children live, what language they speak, what their parents do, whether they are boys or girls, what their culture is, whether they have a disability or whether they are rich or poor. No child should be treated unfairly on any basis.

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2
Q

Which article in the rights of the child is about non-descrimination?

A

Article 2

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3
Q

What is Article 29 of the rights of the child?

A

Goals of education:
Children’s education should develop each child’s personality, talents and abilities to the fullest. It should encourage children to respect others, human rights and their own and other cultures.

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4
Q

Which article describes the goals of education?

A

Article 29

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5
Q

The three dimensions of temperament variation are:

A

Reactivity
Affect
Self-regulation

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6
Q

Reactivity is

A

a dimension of temperament

the characteristic level of arousal, or activeness

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7
Q

Affect is

A

a dimension of temperament

the dominant emotional tone, gloomy or cheerful

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8
Q

Self-regulation is

A

a dimension of temperament

control over what one attends to and reacts to

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9
Q

How many dimensions of temperament are there?

A

Three

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10
Q

a dimension of temperament referring to the characteristic level of arousal, or activeness is called:

A

reactivity

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11
Q

a dimension of temperament referring to the dominant emotional tone, gloomy or cheerful is called:

A

affect

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12
Q

a dimension of temperament referring to the control over what one attends to and reacts to is called:

A

self-regulation

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13
Q

Basic social goals can be divided into ____ parts.

A

three

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14
Q

The basic social goals are:

A

Ego-oriented goals
Task-oriented goals
Cooperation goals

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15
Q

Ego-oriented goals are:

A

a basic social goal

“I feel really successful when I can do better than my friends”

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16
Q

Task-oriented goals are:

A

a basic social goal ( I feel really successful when I keep practicing hard)

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17
Q

Cooperation goals are:

A

a basic social goal (I feel really successful when my friends and I help each other do our best.”)

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18
Q

“I feel really successful when I can do better than my friends” is an example of what type of goal?

A

ego-oriented goal

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19
Q

” I feel really successful when I keep practicing hard” is an example of what type of goal?

A

task-oriented goal

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20
Q

“I feel really successful when my friends and I help each other do our best.” is an example of what type of goal?

A

cooperation goal

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21
Q

Schneider also distinguished between ______ forms of competition:

A
  1. Hypercompetitiveness

2. Nonhostile social comparison

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22
Q

Children with high ego orientation tended to be more _________ and _________ cooperative.

A

hypercompetitive, less

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23
Q

What type of children tend to be more hypercompetitive and less cooperative?

A

Children with high ego orientation

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24
Q

The ________ emphasizes that there are different types of right and wrong, and gives three domains

A

Social Domain Theory

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25
Q

The Social Domain Theory emphasizes that there are different types of ___ and _____, and gives ______ domains

A

right, wrong, three

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26
Q

What are the different domains of right and wrong according to Social Domain Theory?

A

moral rules, social conventions, and rules within the personal sphere.

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27
Q

Moral rules are:

A

based on principles of justice and the welfare of others. They are found in all societies and are not to be transgressed.

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28
Q

Social conventions are:

A

rules that are important for coordinating social behavior in a given society. Examples include rules about how men or women should act, or what are foul words.

29
Q

Rules within the personal sphere are:

A

where children develop what is unique about the way they deal with the world. For example, whether the child wants to send a thank you note or not.

30
Q

This rule is based on principles of justice and the welfare of others. They are found in all societies and are not to be transgressed.

A

moral rule

31
Q

These rules are rules that are important for coordinating social behavior in a given society. Examples include rules about how men or women should act, or what are foul words.

A

social conventions

32
Q

These rules are where children develop what is unique about the way they deal with the world. For example, whether the child wants to send a thank you note or not.

A

Rules within the personal sphere

33
Q

The acquisition of ________ provides an excellent illustration of how the tools of culture organize children’s activities and the way children relate to their environments.

A

gender roles

34
Q

Generalized event representations are called:

A

scripts

35
Q

Scripts are:

A

generalized event representations

36
Q

Scripts specify:

A

who participates in an event, what social roles they play, what objects they use, and the sources of actions that make up the event.

37
Q

These specify who participates in an event, what social roles they play, what objects they use, and the sources of actions that make up the event.

A

scripts

38
Q

Scripts are initially mostly _______, but eventually become more _____.

A

external, internal

39
Q

Children may be less able to distinguish between ____________________ of a novel activity.

A

the essential and the superficial features

40
Q

Scripts allow people within a given social group to:

A

coordinate their actions with each other because scripts are shared.

41
Q

These allow people within a given social group to coordinate their actions with each other.

A

scripts

42
Q

Children classified as neglected, rejected, and to
a lesser extent, controversial are more likely
to have:

A
  • Continued poor peer relations
  • Substance abuse problems
  • Conduct problems
  • Failure in school (or drop out)
  • Attentional problems
  • Legal offenses
43
Q

These are characteristics of what type of children?

  • Continued poor peer relations
  • Substance abuse problems
  • Conduct problems
  • Failure in school (or drop out)
  • Attentional problems
  • Legal offenses
A

neglected, rejected, and, to a lesser extent, controversial

44
Q

Children of ________ parents tend to have difficulty with social competence, taking initiative, or deciding what is right for themselves rather than looking to an external authority figure. These children also often lack spontaneity and intellectual curiosity.

A

authoritarian

45
Q

Children of authoritarian parents tend to have difficulty with:

A

social competence, taking initiative, or deciding what is right for themselves rather than looking to an external authority figure. These children also often lack spontaneity and intellectual curiosity.

46
Q

Robert LeVine proposes that there are ______ goals parents around the world share.

A

three

47
Q

Anthropologist Robert LeVine proposes that the goals parents around the world share are:

A

economic goal
survival goal
cultural goal

48
Q

The survival goal is

A

the goal to ensure that their children survive by providing for the children’s health and safety.

49
Q

The economic goal is

A

the goal to ensure that their children acquire the skills and other resources needed to be productive adults.

50
Q

The cultural goal is

A

the goal to ensure that their children acquire the basic cultural values of the group.

51
Q

the goal to ensure that their children survive by providing for the children’s health and safety:

A

the survival goal

52
Q

the goal to ensure that their children acquire the skills and other resources needed to be productive adults:

A

economic goal

53
Q

the goal to ensure that their children acquire the basic cultural values of the group:

A

cultural goal

54
Q

The three parenting styles are:

A

authoritarian
authoritative
permissive

55
Q

parenting pattern in which parents express warmth but do not exercise control over their children’s behavior.

A

permissive parenting

56
Q

Children of authoritative parents were:

A

more self-reliant, self-controlled, and willing to explore.

57
Q

Children of authoritarian parents tend:

A

to have difficulty with social competence, taking initiative, or deciding what is right for themselves rather than looking to an external authority figure. These children also often lack spontaneity and intellectual curiosity.

58
Q

A permissive parenting style can either be a _____ or ______ parenting pattern

A

permissive, neglectful

59
Q

Children of permissive parents tend:

A

to be immature, have low self-control, and have difficulty accepting responsibility for their actions.

60
Q

As a result of the ______ parenting style, these children were more self-reliant, self-controlled, and willing to explore.

A

authoritative

61
Q

As a result of the ______ parenting style, these children were prone to have difficulty with social competence, taking initiative, or deciding what is right for themselves rather than looking to an external authority figure. These children also often lack spontaneity and intellectual curiosity.

A

authoritarian

62
Q

As a result of the ______ parenting style, these children were prone to be immature, have low self-control, and have difficulty accepting responsibility for their actions.

A

permissive

63
Q

1.Explain how the concept and sense of self develops and changes over time, along with the influence of social relationships. Include two of these topics in your description: body image, others’ perceptions, experiences, or social values. Give an example of one human study that shows how being around others enables us to represent the self, while isolation compromises cognitive development.

A

Experiment: Bowlby’s research with children separated from families in WWII.

Concept and sense of self develops, influencing: others’ perceptions:
Development shows a general trend from self-concepts based on concrete characteristics to more abstract and stable conceptions, arrived at through social comparison

Concept and sense of self develops, influencing: social values:
Scripts are initially mostly external, but eventually become more internal.

64
Q

2.Developing good moral character is an important step along the way to becoming a functioning member of society. Developmentalists have pointed out that many different factors play into the development of a healthy conscience, and that one of the most important factors may be the child’s relationship with their caregiver. List three ways in which a caregiver can encourage moral behavior

A

Explicit instruction
Modeling proper behavior
Social exposure: can influence what movies, tv the kid watches, kid’s surroundings

65
Q

3.Cathy, an only child, lives with her parents in a large house in Wellesley and is a student at Dana Hall. Taylor lives in subsidized housing Dorchester with her mom and three siblings and goes to her local public school. Both girls have strict and controlling mothers who place a strong emphasis on obedience. Discuss potential reasons for each mother’s use of these parenting practices and their daughters’ likely outcomes.

A

Two mothers prioritize the three parenting goals differently
Taylor’s mother likely places a strong emphasis on obedience because Taylor’s family’s precarious living situation makes Taylor’s health and safety Taylor’s mother’s top priority (safety goal). Because Taylor has several siblings, her mother also probably does not have the energy or time to spend more time explaining rules, and thus encourages obedience to ensure that her children follow her judgements.
Because Cathy’s family keeps an affluent lifestyle, her parents are probably less concerned about her safety and more concerned about making sure their daughter is polite and proper (cultural goal) and that she acquires the skills she needs to succeed in life once Cathy is on her own (economic goal). Cathy’s mother likely places a strong emphasis on obedience because Cathy’s mother has high expectations of her daughter’s performance.
Though both parents are using authoritarian parenting styles, Cathy’s mother has less required need (Cathy will not die if she is not strict) to use authoritarian parenting while Taylor’s mother must use authoritarian parenting to keep her children safe. Taylor will thus understand her mother’s demand for obedience differently from how Cathy will understand her mother’s demand for obedience.
Taylor will likely grow up
Cathy will likely grow up to have more difficulty with social competence, taking initiative, or deciding what is right for herself than Taylor will.

66
Q

5.Campos et al. (1992) demonstrated that locomotion precedes fear heights, and Pyers & Senghas (2009) demonstrated that aspects of language precede theory of mind. Give another example, this time using developments in the social and cognitive domains in middle childhood.

A

Expanded memory span precedes children’s transition in middle childhood to operational thinking, which includes increased metacognition: awareness of their own mental states and others’ mental states

67
Q

7.Discuss some of the pros and cons of Goldie Blox (both the toy itself as well as its marketing strategy) in the context of two of the following developmental processes:

A

a. Socialization:

pros: girls can engineer!, racial diversity is normal
cons: girl colors are pink, purple, and yellow; girls should follow the kewpie doll look; this toy is targeted for girls, not both boys and girls, because girls need special features in their products to find something like engineering interesting; girls wear dresses
c. Zone of proximal development

pros: princess format may attract children that wouldn’t normally play engineering games; the story format is supposed to be more appealing to girls’ “natural” interests in reading, and could encourage the girls to work on the project on their own; it is possible to make multiple machines if you are innovative
cons: you can only make one machine with the instructions

68
Q

8.A friendly alien spaceship has landed in your hometown and the aliens onboard have no concept of human development. Town officials have asked you to explain early childhood and middle childhood to the aliens, but the aliens will only pay attention to seven words (or fewer) at a time. List seven words each to describe early and middle childhood. The words do not need to form a coherent sentence, but they must accurately describe what is happening at each stage and must address a minimum of two domains. Briefly (2-3 sentences) justify why you chose those words for each developmental period.

A

Early childhood: transductive thinking, centration, recognize autonomy, gender identity

Middle childhood: Friends!, decentration, combine and manipulate information logically

69
Q

Using your knowledge from multiple developmental domains, describe various ways in which peer interactions influence children’s development of self-regulation. How do children’s self-regulation skills affect their interactions with others?

A

Self-regulation skills influence interactions with others:
Children that have more self-regulation skills get into fewer conflicts
are better at understanding others’ emotional expressions
have higher socioemotional competence

Peer interactions influence development of self-regulation:
Imaginary play leads children to separate the objects from their thoughts with their thoughts about these objects. Children must learn how to regulate and manipulate their thinking
Sociodramatic play requires children to separate themselves from their character. Practice with sociodramatic play helps children learn how to regulate their emotions (separate them from the situation) and their thinking
provides forum in which to practice self-regulation

Developmental Psych Final Exam (4 decks)

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