Peer Relationships

Question 1

Children’s social structures can be described in a couple of ways. The two main ways are:

Answer 1

focuses on dominance and focuses on popularity

Question 2

Children that are skilled at managing the conflict-resolution pattern establish themselves as _______ in their social structure

Answer 2

dominant children

Question 3

Dominant children are:

Answer 3

those who control “resources”–toys, play spaces, activities.

Question 4

In Andrew Pellegrini and Jeffrey Long’s study they found that:

Answer 4

social structures shift drastically between elementary and middle school. This shift is marked by a sharp increase in bullying in sixth grade and then a marked decrease in bullying in seventh grade.

Question 5

Information on popularity in childhood social groups is usually obtained in one of two ways:

Answer 5

a nomination procedure, or a rating procedure.

Question 6

A sociogram is:

Answer 6

a graphic representation of each child’s relationship to all others in the group.

Question 7

A graphic representation of each child’s relationship to all others in the group is called:

Answer 7

a sociogram

Question 8

There are four main popularity statuses:

Answer 8

popular
neglected
rejected
contraversial

Question 9

Popular children are:

Answer 9

children who receive the highest numbers of positive nominations. These children are generally well adjusted, rated as more physically attractive, and are socially skilled.

Question 10

Rejected children are:

Answer 10

children who receive few positive nominations, or receive low rankings, from their peers. Most are rejected because they are aggressive. These children show higher levels of delinquency, substance abuse, and psychological disturbances.

Question 11

Neglected children are:

Answer 11

children who receive few nominations of any kind.

Question 12

Though being a ____ child is still not a good situation, ______ children are more likely than ______ children to change social status, and perform better academically.

Answer 12

neglected, neglected, REjected

Question 13

Controversial children are:

Answer 13

children who receive both positive and negative nominations. These children are generally aggressive, but compensate for it by joking and using other social skills.

Question 14

Muzafer and Carolyn Sherif conducted a series of studies on:

Answer 14

the role of context in fostering cooperation and competition. In one, they split a group of 11 boys, from similar backgrounds but strangers, into two groups, and let them bond for a week. The Sherifs then told each group about the other group. The groups immediately became very competitive, competition that escalated to hostility. After five days of hostility, the Sherifs made the boys engage in cooperative activities. The fighting stopped and many of the boys developed intergroup friendships.

Question 15

Who conducted the studies on the groups of boys and the importance of context in competition?

Answer 15

Muzafer and Carolyn Sherif

Question 16

The Sherifs’ experiment highlights:

Answer 16

that cooperation and competition are not fixed characteristics of individuals or groups.

Question 17

Barry Schneider suggests that a cultural emphasis on interdependence or on independence would tend to be reflected at the individual level in children’s _________.

Answer 17

Basic social goals

Question 18

_________ suggests that a cultural emphasis on interdependence or on independence would tend to be reflected at the individual level in children’s basic social goals.

Answer 18

Barry Schneider

Question 19

Basic social goals can be divided into the following parts:

Answer 19

ego-centric goals
task-oriented goals
cooperation goals

Question 20

Ego-oriented goals are:

Answer 20

eg. (“I feel really successful when I can do better than my friends”)

Question 21

Task-oriented goals are:

Answer 21

eg. I feel really successful when I keep practicing hard

Question 22

Cooperation goals are:

Answer 22

eg. “I feel really successful when my friends and I help each other do our best.”

Question 23

______ goals carry different weight in different cultures.

Answer 23

Basic social goals

Question 24

Schneider also distinguished between forms of competition. According to Schneider, the forms of competition are:

Answer 24

1. Hypercompetitiveness

2. Nonhostile social comparison

Question 25

Children with high ego orientation tended to be ____ hypercompetitive and ______ cooperative.

Answer 25

more, less

Question 26

During middle childhood, children of all cultures spend a great deal of time in ________ groups.

Answer 26

sexually segregated

Question 27

According to Maccoby, children segregate because:

Answer 27

of differences in play style.

Question 28

Male-style play tends to include:

Answer 28

high levels of physical activity

Question 29

Female-style play tends to include:

Answer 29

more nurturing, prosocial play

Question 30

Differences in male-style and female-style play, however, differ depending on:

Answer 30

how much of a distinction the culture makes between the roles of men and women.

Question 31

According to _______, children at this age observe particular rules for cross-sex contact, such as the following: contact must be accidental, contact must be incidental, contact must be in the guise of some clear and necessary purpose.

Answer 31

Sroufe

Question 32

According to Sroufe, children at this age observe:

Answer 32

particular rules for cross-sex contact, such as the following: contact must be accidental, contact must be incidental, contact must be in the guise of some clear and necessary purpose.