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Pathophysiology – C805 - WGU > Study Guide Comp 2 > Flashcards

Study Guide Comp 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Define a closed simple fracture…

A

a break in the bone with no external wound to the skin

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2
Q

Define an open or compound fracture…

A

a break in the bone in which there is an open wound leading down to the site of the fracture or in which a piece of broken bone protrudes through the skin

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3
Q

Define a simple fracture…

A

a break in the rib that is broken into two parts; likely occurs from a blow or direct shock to the thorax

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4
Q

Define a comminuted fracture….

A

a break in which the bone is broken or splintered into pieces, often with fragments embedded in surrounding tissue

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5
Q

Define an impacted fracture…

A

a break in which the bone is broken with one end forced into the interior of the other

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6
Q

Define an incomplete partial fracture…

A

a break in which the fraction line does not include the whole bone (stress fracture)

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7
Q

Define a greenstick fracture…

A

a break in which the bone is partially bent and split, as a green stick or twig does when bent; this type of fracture occurs most frequently in children, especially those who have rickets, or among adults with soft bones

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8
Q

Define a strain…

A

a tearing or overstretching of a tendon or a muscle.

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9
Q

Define a sprain…

A

the tearing or stretching of a ligament surrounding a joint that usually follows a sharp twist.

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10
Q

Define dislocation…

A

when a bone is separated from a joint.

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11
Q

Describe rickets…

A

A condition of poor bone development in children caused by a sever lack of vitamin D & calcium

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of Rickets?

A

Fussiness & Soft skulls in babies, poor walking in young children, bone pain, bowed legs, & increased fractures in older children.

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13
Q

How do you test for Rickets?

A

Doctor examination of babies skull and bones at birth, blood and urine tests can confirm diagnosis, x-rays can show bone deformities.

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14
Q

How do you treat Rickets?

A

An increase of a child’s vitamin D and calcium, medication to increase Vitamin D & Calcium, and surgeries to fix affected bones.

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15
Q

Describe Osteomyelitis…

A

an acute or chronic infection of the bone-forming tissue, caused by Staph.

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16
Q

What are the symptoms of Osteomyelitis?

A

Inflammation, swelling, and circulatory congestion of the bone marrow. As the infection progresses, pus may form and sustained inflammatory pressure may cause fracturing of small pieces of bone.

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17
Q

How do you test for Osteomyelitis?

A

Physical exam, blood cultures, X-rays, bone scans, and MRI.

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18
Q

How is Osteomyelitis treated?

A

The goal is to treat the infection, bed rest and antibiotics usually suffice. If not drainage and surgery to removed the pus and dead bone are needed.

19
Q

Describe Gout…

A

A chronic disorder of uric acid metabolism, that manifests as arthritis due to build up of uric acid in the joints. Caused by genetics or renal dysfunction.

20
Q

What are the symptoms of Gout?

A

Joint pain, deformity & disability (particularly at the toes), hyperuricemia, renal disfunction, and kidney stones.

21
Q

How do you test for Gout?

A

Urinalysis to detect hyperuricemia, white blood cell count, and skeletal x-rays to detect affected joints.

22
Q

How is Gout treated?

A

Bed rest, cold/hot compress, analgesics, corticosteroids, Colchicine, low protein and high fluid diet.

23
Q

Describe a Herniated disk….

A

When a fall, straining, or heavy lifting causes the nucleus area of an invertebral disk, to protrude through the wall of the disk and into the spinal canal, where it presses on spinal nerves.

24
Q

What are the symptoms of a Herniated disk?

A

Severe back pain that worsens w/ motion, numbness, prickling, increased pain w/ coughing or sneezing, bad leg cramp that lasts a long time.

25
Q

How do you test for a Herniated Disk?

A

Straight-leg raising test to check for sciatic pain, spinal x-rays, computed tomography (CT) scans, and MRI to show the herniation.

26
Q

How do you treat a Herniated Disk?

A

Bed rest, cold/hot compress, analgesics usually suffice, if not removal of the disk, or minor surgery to remove little fragments of spine to alleviate pressure

27
Q

Define Plantar fasciitis…

A

Irritation of the ligament on the bottom of the foot that connects the heel to the toes.

28
Q

What are the symptoms of Plantar fasciitis?

A

Pain or stiffness of the feet when getting out of bed, after sitting for long periods or after climbing stairs.

29
Q

How do you test for Plantar fasciitis?

A

Physical exam, x-rays to rule out injuries or fractures.

30
Q

How do you treat Plantar fasciitis?

A

NSAIDs, ice, flexibility exercises, and rest usually suffice. If not, injections of corticosteroids or sound shock wave therapy, if all else fails surgery to remove the fascia.

31
Q

Describe Paget’s Disease…

A

A chronic metabolic skeletal disease, causing enlarged, thick, porous, and weak bones. No known cause. Theories suggest a viral infection or genetics.

32
Q

What are the symptoms of Paget’s Disease?

A

Swelling or deformity of a bone, bone pain, or numbness and tingling caused by enlarged bones around the nerves. If the affected bone is the skull, headaches or vision loss can occur.

33
Q

How do you test for Paget’s Disease?

A

Bone scans, X-rays, bone biopsies, blood analysis, & Urinalysis.

34
Q

How do you treat Paget Disease?

A

Physical therapy, medication, analgesics, & surgery.

35
Q

Describe Lordosis…

A

an abnormal inward curvature of the lumbar or lower spine.

36
Q

Describe Kyphosis….

A

an abnormal outward curvature of the upper thoracic vertebrae. Commonly, this curvature is known as humpback or round back.

37
Q

Describe Scoliosis…

A

an abnormal sideward curvature of the spine to either the left or right.

38
Q

Describe Osteoporosis…

A

a metabolic bone disease that causes bones to become more porous and weak

39
Q

What are the symptoms of Osteoporosis?

A

bone pain, especially in the lower back and in the weight-bearing bones. The vertebrae, hips, and wrists are particularly susceptible to osteoporotic fractures. Over time, clients may notice a loss of height and/or kyphosis.

40
Q

How do you test for Osteoporosis?

A

Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (measures bone mineral density), blood analysis & urinalysis.

41
Q

How do you treat Osteoporosis?

A

Increased dietary calcium, phosphate supplements, and multivitamins may be prescribed. The thyroid hormone calcitonin may be prescribed to decrease bone resorption.

42
Q

Describe Osteoarthritis….

A

Chronic inflammation of the joints and bones, causing degeneration of cartilage and formation of new bone.

43
Q

What are the symptoms of Osteoarthritis?

A

Deep aching joint pain, stiffness, and swelling. A crackling sound from grating of bones.

44
Q

How do you test for Osteoarthritis?

A

Thorough physical exam, bone scans, MRI.

Pathophysiology – C805 - WGU (2 decks)

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