study guide chpt 2

Question 1

Contributions of Willis

Answer 1

The brain is responsible for mental functions and motor functioning

Question 2

contribution of Golgi

Answer 2

developed the method of staining specific neurons which helped prove the neuron theory stating that the nervous system consists of distinct neurons or cells.

Question 3

contribution of Mueller

Answer 3

introduced nerve energy. action potential and firing of the brain. doctrine of specific nerve energies

Question 4

modular organization

Answer 4

specific functions are served by specific areas of the cortex. visual is in occipital and hearing is in temporal. touch and smell and taste are chemical

Question 5

be able to draw and label a neuron and its parts

Answer 5

dendrites(receive information)
cell body (contains nucleus and other cell structures)
axon(sends messages of a neuron)
myelin sheath

Question 6

describe how a neuron goes from rest to conducting a stimulus

Answer 6

resting potential and action potential

Question 7

resting potential

Answer 7

The negative charge of the neuron relative to its surroundings

Question 8

action potential

Answer 8

the neural membrane opens to allow positively charged ions inside the cell and negatively charged ions out.
-permeability of the membrane changes
-Sodium (Na+) flows into the fiber making the neuron more positive
Potassium (K+) flows out of the fiber making the neuron more negative

Question 9

UNDERSTAND

Answer 9

increasing a stimulus strength increases the rate of firing in a nerve fiber

Question 10

synapse

Answer 10

the space between neurons

-small gap at the end of a neuron that allows information to pass from one neuron to the next

Question 11

neurotransmitters

Answer 11

a chemical messenger that carries, boosts and modulates signals between neurons and other cells in the body

Question 12

excitatory transmitters

Answer 12

increases the likelihood of an action potential

Question 13

inhibitory transmitters

Answer 13

decreases likelihood of action potential

Question 14

center surround receptive fields

Answer 14

when the retina is stimulated, it influences the firing of ganglion cells. this could be outside the cell’s receptive area, inside the excitatory area and inside the inhibitory area of the the cell’s receptive field

Question 15

center surround antagonism

Answer 15

This is the effect that is caused when the center and the surround of the receptive field respond in opposite ways.
Highest response when only the excitatory area is stimulated
Lowest response when only the inhibitory area is stimulated
Intermediate responses when both areas are stimulated

Question 16

what is a grandmother cell and what is specificity coding theory?

Answer 16

it is a neuron that responds only to a specific stimulus

Question 17

what is the difference between the hard and easy problem of consciousness?

Answer 17

the hard problem is “how do physiological processes turn into experiences”

the easy problem is defining a neural correlate of consciousness (connections between stimuli and environment).