Study Guide Ch.5-8 Flashcards
1
Q
A
- Parthenon, temple dedicated to Athena Parthenos (the Virgin)
- at Acropolis, Athens
- Greek Classical
- Greek navy defeated the Persians (Darias the Great)
- Perikles begins movement to rebuild Temple of Athena
- Victory Monument-Commemorates the protection of Athena (godess of war) during war w/Persians
- rebuilding the temple was a form of sacrifice & a political message-power, richness
- lavish expense to build (e.g. marble roof), but high econ benefit-highers losts of artists
- interior housed 44ft golden ivory sculpture of Athena
- double fasad (double columns): Douric exterior & Ionic Phasad
- Civic pride, shows athens power over other Greek states
2
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A
- Battle of Lapith & Centaur
- Doric sculptured friezes at Parthenon temple
- mythic legendary battle between a Lapith (legendary people of pre-Hellenic times) and a centaur
- mythic struggles represent for the Greeks the triumph of reason over unbridled animal passion
- philosophy of humanism
- llineage w/Apolo god of wisdom
- reflects image of Greeks vs. Persians
- mythological thems with political messges
- centaur-uncontrollable barbarians vs. Greek-controlled, no expression
3
Q
Identify image & sculptor
A
- Polykleitos= sculptor
- Spear Bearer (Doriphoros)
- Greek Classical but a Roman copy
- Polykleitos created a tretis called “The Canon”–set of rules for the ideal human body in sculpture based on selecting most desirable human attributes
- explored the relationships bet. weight-bearing & relaxed legs & arms in a perfectly balanced figure.
- Polykleitos created a model “The Spear Bearer”, originally a larger than life bronze statue, perhasps the hero Achilles.
- Bronze sculpture was hollow, stiff no brazing needed vs. marble sculpture= dense, weak, needs bracing to support arms & legs.
- this Greek classical figure pose evolved out of Kritios Boy a generation eralier.
4
Q
identify image & sculptor
A
- Aphrodite of Knidos (goddess of love)
- sculptor= Praxiteles, master of promotion/marketing genious
- Greek Classical, new nakeness for women sculpture
- so provocative that Aphrodite allowed to be exhibited
- intensional erotic, changing morality of buyers
- inspiration could of being from eastern culture nude deities, e.g. the Babylonian Ishtar-nude deity
5
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A
- Laocoon & His Sons
- Greek Hellinistic
- illustrates punishment to priest Laocoon & his sons from the Trojan War when the priest Laocoon warned the Trojans not to bring within their wall the giant wooden horse left behind by the Greeks. The gods who supported the Greeks retaliated by sending serpents from the sea to destroy Laocoon & his sons as they walked along the shore.
- intricate diagonal movements, anguished faces, unification of diverse forces in a complex composition
6
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A
- Augustus of Primaporta
- Roman emperor, conquered Egypt & it became the bread basket for Rome
- Armor imagery: 20bce military victory over Parthians, celestial deity, cornucopia-prosperity & peace
- Augustus exaulted now-Augustus Caesar
- Cupid at bottom is son of Venus- symbolic of Augustus blood line decends from Venus, thus Pre-destine to rule
- Orator pose
- political propaganda: a fit, youngm powerful ruler, idealized, as he wanted to be seen & remembered
7
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A
- Gemma Augustea
- Roman Period
- Cameo-a gemstone carved in low relief
- glorifies Augustus triumphant over barbarian and as the deitifed emperor.
- The emperor, crowned w/victor’s wreath, he has assumed pose & identity of Jupiter (the king of the gods, an eagle sacred to Jupiter stands at his feet.
- The figure next to Augustus, is the personification of Rome w/Livia’s features
- The coin w/zodiac symbol of Capricorn is the emperor’s zodiac sign
- Tiberious (next ruler) the adopted son of Augustus, steps out of chariot from victorious battle from the German front & prepared to assume the imperial throne as Augustus’s chosen heir.
- Bottom section: depicts shackled barbarian captives w/long, wild hair & bears
8
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- Initiation Rites Of The Cult Of Bacchu (?)
- @ Villa of the Mysteries, Pompeii
- Fresco w/unusual non-human figures, except one woman & the rest are mythological figures.
- male figures are Satyrs-mythological figures.
- Faux finish to mimic polish marble & stone
- dancing woman w/hand is painted in an illusionistic way to give her 3D dimentionality, hand is foreshorten, a trick to give 3D effect to wall pictures.
- Woman w/wings is about to flocke/wipp, poss. a passage to belong to ritual of Bacchus.
- Red Color of wall known as Pompeii Red
- Possible Inniciation phases of a women
- Satyr & other figures eyes gaze directly at the viewer, which makes it an active scene, brings the viewer in
9
Q
A
- Flavian Amphitheatre (Colosseum)
- Roman Empire
- commissioned by Flavian dynasty
- known as the “Colosseum” bec. gigantic stutue of Nero called the Colossus that stood next to the amphitheatre
- arena for sports events/entertainment, a diversion from political issues
- for 50k people
- 10yrs to build
- oval measuring 600 x 500 feet
- sectional by class
- grave diggers, stage actors-not allowed in the arena
10
Q
A
- Column of Trajan
- Roman Empire
- images on ribbon that wraps 25,000 carved figures around the column
- depicts Trajans greatest conquest of Dacia (Romania), for its gold, which was needed in Rome.
- the column is a continuous pictorial narrative of the Dacian campaigns of 102-103 & 105-106 CE.
- commemorates the effort the Romans took when they set to accomplish/conquer something/someone.
- documents the structure building in conquered areas
- focus on the expantion of their state, not the conquest.
- the buildings secured the conquested area, so they kept armies of soldiers there.
11
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A
- Column of Trajan close-up
- Roman Empire
- images on ribbon that wraps 25,000 carved figures around the column
- depicts Trajans greatest conquest of Dacia (Romania), for its gold, which was needed in Rome.
- the column is a continuous pictorial narrative of the Dacian campaigns of 102-103 & 105-106 CE.
- commemorates the effort the Romans took when they set to accomplish/conquer something/someone.
- documents the structure building in conquered areas
- focus on the expantion of their state, not the conquest.
- the buildings secured the conquested area, so they kept armies of soldiers there.
12
Q
A
- Pantheon
- Roman Empire
- built to honor All Roman deities, a temple to the Olympian gods
- gigantic dome structure w/central circular opening on the roof center= oculus
- a Pop saved the building & converted it to a church
- commitioned by emperor Hadrian
13
Q
A
- Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius
- Good Roman Emperor
- bronze statue
- reigned by wisdom, but also portrayed his military power
- bet. 1187-1538 was kept in the piazza fronting the palace & church of St. John Lateran in Rome, bec. thought to be Constantine.
- Kept inside the Capitoline Museum for protection
14
Q
A
- Commodus as Hercules
- Bad Roman emperor
- model of vanity: renamed days, months, after his name
- steals from government
- claim to be the reincarnation of Hercules & incarnation of god Jupiter
- references: Hercules’ club, skin & head of Nemean lion, golden apples
- took off Neros sculpture head and replaced it with his & place a lion on the base
- fine art of the days, high artist skills
- killed by wrestling partner, Narcisus, hired by his mistress
- horns filled w/fruit, cornicopia, a source of plenty
15
Q
A
- Caracalla (means hoody)
- Bad Roman Emperor
- killed his own brother, & wife
- In Alexandria, he killed governors & people for mocking him in a play that portrayed him as the killer of his brother, had removed all traces of his brothers’ portraits
- wanted to be portrayed as a ferocious emperor, which he was
- assacinated by his bodyguard
16
Q
A
- Good Shepard, Orants & Jonah
- Early Christian (image) catacomb, Rome
- to the left, Jonah & the whale, precursor for death & resurrection of Christ
- good shepard in the center = Christ
- bottom laying down figure sorounded by grape vines, an adoption of earlier Greek gods, can be Bacchus
- Arrangement configured in a cross shape= clue that is christian
- early period, christians were poor, working people & early images reflects that humble background
- Orant figure= a prayer figure holding arms to the side, a sign of praying
- an illustration to stories
17
Q
A
- Oratory of Galla Placidia, Ravenna
- Oratory= small chapel
- Earliest Byzantine church attached to the imperial palace
- named after the mother of Emperor Valentinian, Galla Placidia & later ruler of Western Rome, whom was thought to have been buried in the church.
- interior decorated with brilliant mosaic tiles, depicting biblical stories
- various geometrical & floral patterns addorn the inside
- figures are ment to be active w/flickering of candle light, meant to inspire solitude, sacrade space & spiritual admiration.
- scene of paradise, doves & fountain a Roman scene
18
Q
A
- Martyrdom of St. Lawrence mosaic @ Oratory of Galla Placidia
- inside Mausoleum of Galla Placidia
- Byzantine, Ravenna
- St. Lawrence cabinet held new testatment books (Mark, Luke, John & Matthew)
- masaic reflects martyr punishment of St.Lawrence for refusing to give the books to Romans, so he was killed on a grill w/fire.
- currently Italian patron saint of bakers.
19
Q
A
- The Good Shepherd
- Mausoleum of Galla Placidia
- Bizantine, Ravenna
- mosaic main image= figure w/flock of sheep in group of three= trinity
- main figure clothing: purple-imperial colors, begins to look more like christian imagery
- Constantine started to change image, now observe Roman/Greco influence in mosaic: purple sach across shoulders, now an association of Christ as an emperor. before this the image was a humble, good shepard not associated with politics.
20
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A
- Church Hagia Sophia (means Holy Wisdom)
- Constantinople (Istanbul), Byzantine
- build by Justinian & Theodora
- Justinian crushed rebellion, killing 30k after his wifer reaserting speech
- build in 5 years
- Anthemious & Isidorus, architects
- inside imagery: Justinian handing a model of church & constantine a model of the city to Virgin; Leo the 6th above a door, a figure begging for forgiveness marrying six woman for trying to birth an heir
- later turned into a mosque by Turks
- then, in 1907 turned into a museum & now Turks want to turn it back into a mosque.
21
Q
A
- Emperor Justinian & His Attendants
- @ Church of San Vitale, Ravenna, Byzantine
- image of royal family right on the asps
- soldiers to left holding shield with Chi-Rho (1st two letter in Greek for the word Christ)
- Justinian haloed at the center, wears a jeweled crown & purple cloak
- To the right Bishop Maximianus holds a jeweled cross, & a clegy men next to him a jeweled book
22
Q
A
- Empress Theodora & her attendants
- @ church of San Vitale, Ravenna
- Byzantine
- Theodora haloed at the center w/pearl headress, a symbol of purity/virginity (she was a street performer, comparable to Bible story of Magdalena),
- Theodora wife of Justinian wear imperial purple, jeweled crown & clothing,
23
Q
A
- Virgin & Chid w/Saints & Angels
- Icon, encaustic on wood, Byzantine
- Monastery of St. Catherine
- @ Mount Sinai, Egypt
- on left, Theodore, & George on the right, botha Christian warriors-saints, represent the triumph of church over “evil serpent” of paganism. Theodore burned down the temple of Sivili
- hand on top center symbol for God
- illusion of kingdom of God in heaven-no landscape
- veneration of icons, sparked contraversy & lead to Iconoclasm (image breaking), banning the use of icons in Christian worship & destruction of devotional pictures was ordered by emperor Leo III.
- in 843, empress Theodora, widow of Theophilus, reinstated the making of icons
- icons play an important role as the history of Byzantine art developed
- Icons are venerated, but not worship, ment to inspire prayer & contemplation to help those who can’t read.
- used at Orthodox church today
24
Q
A
- Anastasis (Resurrection)
- Church of the Monastery of Christ
- @ Constantinople, Byzantine
- Fresco
- Christ no longer a humble figure, now is a deity-beared, mature, wise
- Transfuration of Christ image: glowing cloud behind him, white clothing
- Christ pulls Adam & Eve out of their graves
- Christ descends to hell after his death at the cross, defeats saitan, which is now tied up
- kings & patriarchs & prophets to either side
- Christ image has change thr time
25
Q
A
- The Kaaba, Mecca
- Islamic
- symbolic center of Islamic world
- Muslims annual pilgrimage site
- a cubical, textile draped shrine said to have been built for God by Ibrahim (Abraham) & Isma’il (Ishmael), a long focus of pilgrimage & polytheistic worship
- Mohammed returns from a triumphant battle, goes to the Kaaba & removes all pagan idols, while preseving the cubical structure & dedicating it to God. Thus, no imagery is used in religious context instead they use geometric designs & scrolling vines known as arabesques.
- Shrine, it is said to hold inside a stone, possibly a meteorite (old tradition that focus on stone sites)
26
Q
A
- Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem
- belived Muhammad ascended to the presence of God on the “Night Journey” described in the Qur’an.
- It is the site of the First and Second Jewish Temples
- Jews & Christians associate it w/Solomon
- site of the creation of Adam
- site where Abraham prepared to sacrifice his son Isaac at the command of God
- 691-692a shrine was built over the rock using artisans trained in Byzantine tradition
27
Q
A
- Great Mosque of Kairouan, Tunisia
- Islamic, 9th century
- follow typical Roman plan the hypostyle, reflects early form of the mosque
- large rectangular space is divided bet. a courtyard & a flat-roofed hypostyle prayer hall oriented toward Mecca. It can easily be expanded as congregation grows.
- Minaret-larger tower (the Minaret, from which faithfuls are called to prayer), a powerful sign of Islam’s presence in the city.
- qibla wall, marked by central positioned w/ a Dome over the mihrab niche-the wall of the prayer hall that is closest to Mecca.
- mihrab- a traditional niche that signify a holy place, a shrine, or the apse in a church
- islamic architecture reflects Byzantine/Roman structures.
28
Q
A
- Macy Jug
- ceramic, Iran, Islamic
- symbolic of love of man & women
- love poem inscription
- images reflect the poem
- double wall glazed jar
- deep blue cobalt & turquoise from copper
29
Q
A
- Shroud of St. Josse
- Textile, silk, Islamic
- 9th c. silk military banner, a badge/commition to prove the rank
- a military object
- lost on battle field, soldier found it & donated to the church
- highly priced item bec. of silk & considered a relic that sits in a Christian church
30
Q
A
- Sinan, Mosque of Sultan Selim
- Turkey
- Islamic
- Sinan= Architect
- 4 Mihrabs
- bigger than & built after & reflects Haguia Sophia
- community gathering, has a marketplace, school & place of worship
- arches w/Islamic style of stripes w/contransting colors
31
Q
A
- Illuminated Tugra of Sultan Suleyman
- Turkey
- Islamic Caligraphy
- ink, paint & gold on paper
- guilded, stylistic designs
- belong to Suleyman the magnificent
- Tugra-royal cipher, monogram denoting the authority of the sultan & officials who were granted an emblem.
- Tugras appear on seals, coins, buildings & official documents (firmans)
- integrates text into visual design, very like Graphic design today
- 2ft long
32
Q
A
- Great Mosque of Isfahan
- Iran
- Islamic
- mid-eval structure
- exterior tiles= emulation of beauty of paradise, cobalt blue/turquoise tiles-coolness & serenity
- arabic text prayers on tiles
- stetically pleasing to man & God
- world heritage site
- contrast to Byzantine architecture, much larger Dome & highly decorated exterior & interior
- testiment to Gods creation, mosaic tiles w/text writings adorns the exterior
33
Q
A
- Oratory of Galla Placidia, Ravenna
- Byzantine Church Exterior
- unaddorned exterior
34
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A
- Virgin of Vladimir
- Byzantine, Russia
- icon, tempera
- Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow
- story tells that image represents St.Luke vision of Virgin Mary & child
- flat, but humanized image
- golden background effect of heaven
- shows tender affection
35
Q
A
- Dome of the Rock (interior), Jerusalem
- a circular drum pierced with windows
- windows are supported by arcades of alternating piers & columns covers the center space covering the rock
- marble veneer interior & mosaic interior
- inscriptions from the Qur’an & other passages from other text in gold mosaic on turquiois green grounds
