Study Guide Ch: 2

Question 1

Biological model

Answer 1

2 difficulties - unknown etiology of mental illness; no independent means of verifying the existence of disease other than patient self-report in many cases

Question 2

four lobes of the brain

Answer 2

the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes

Question 3

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Answer 3

the entire complex of neurons, axons, and supporting tissue that constitute the brain and spinal cord

Question 4

endocrine system

Answer 4

series of glands that produce chemical substances known as hormones

Question 5

neurotransmitters (NTs)

Answer 5

chemical messengers in the body

Question 6

neurotransmission

Answer 6

the process by which neurons communicate with one another across synapses using neurotransmitters

Question 7

Electroconvulsive Shock Therapy (ECT)

Answer 7

is a procedure, done under general anesthesia, in which small electric currents are passed through the brain, intentionally triggering a brief seizure.

Question 8

Ttranscranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

Answer 8

a noninvasive procedure that uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in the brain to improve symptoms of depression.

Question 9

psychosurgery

Answer 9

Psychosurgery is a type of surgery in which brain physiology is attempted to be altered by severing connections between the areas involved in the abnormal function or behavioral states of some intractable mental disorders.

Question 10

big 4 neurotransmitters involved in psychopathology and the mental illnesses

Answer 10

1. gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA): anxiety disorders (d/o’s)
2. norepinephrine (NE): anxiety d/o’s
3. serotonin (SE): depression
4. dopamine (DA): schizophrenia

Question 11

Antidepressants (SSNRI)

Answer 11

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

Question 12

Antidepressants (SNRIs)

Answer 12

serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors

Question 13

Antidepressants (MAOIs)

Answer 13

monoamine oxidase inhibitors

Question 14

Antidepressants Tricyclics

Answer 14

preventing the reabsorption of neurotransmitters called serotonin and norepinephrine.

Question 15

names of commonly prescribed antidepressants

Answer 15

Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil, Celexa, and Wellbutrin

Question 16

Antipsychotic

Answer 16

also known as major tranquilizers, phenothiazines, or neuroleptics traditional/1st generation and atypical/2nd generation antipsychotics

Question 17

commonly prescribed antipsychotics

Answer 17

Abilify
Geodon
Seroquel
Haldol
Thorazine
Zyprexa

Question 18

Mood stabilizers

Answer 18

is a psychiatric medication used to treat mood disorders characterized by intense and sustained mood shifts

Question 19

commonly prescribed mood stabilizers

Answer 19

Lithium
Lamictal
Luvox
Depakote
Tegretol

Question 20

Anti-anxiety

Answer 20

a category of drugs used to prevent anxiety and treat anxiety related to several anxiety disorders.

Question 21

commonly prescribed anxiolytics

Answer 21

Ativan
Xanax
Librium
Valium

Question 22

id

Answer 22

According to Freud, the psychological force that produces instinctual needs, drives, and impulses.

Question 23

ego

Answer 23

According to Freud, the psychological force that employs reason and operates in accordance with the reality principle.

Question 24

superego

Answer 24

According to Freud, the psychological force that represents a person’s values and ideals.

Question 25

Oedipus Complex

Answer 25

Occurs during the phallic stage and is a conflict in which the boy wishes to possess his mother sexually and perceives his father to be a rival in love.

According to Freud, the child must give up his sexual attraction for his mother in order to resolve this attraction and move to the next stage of psychosexual development. Failure to do so would lead the child to become fixated in this stage.

Question 26

Electra Complex

Answer 26

a girl learns that her father has a penis and she does not, develops “penis envy,” a sexual attachment to her father, and a sense of romantic love for him.

She also begins to see her mother as an obstacle or rival for the father, and may even blame her mother for her lack of penis. Over time, the girl starts to internalize these feelings toward her mother and they start to form a healthier relationship.

Question 27

Defense Mechanism

Answer 27

A defense mechanism is a way for the mind to protect us from being consciously aware of thoughts or feelings that are too difficult to tolerate. Since the thought or feeling is too difficult to tolerate the defense mechanism only allows the unconscious thought or feeling to be expressed indirectly in some type of disguised form. Doing this allows us to reduce anxiety that is caused by the unconscious thought or feeling.

Question 28

Repression

Answer 28

Involves unconscious denial of the existence of something that causes anxiety

Question 29

Denial

Answer 29

Involves denying the existence of an external threat or traumatic event

Question 30

Reaction Formation

Answer 30

Involves expressing an id impulse that is the opposite of the one truly driving the person

Question 31

Projection

Answer 31

Involves attributing a disturbing impulse to someone else

Question 32

Regression

Answer 32

Involves retreating to an earlier, less frustrating period of life and displaying the childish and dependent behaviors characteristic of that more secure time

Question 33

Rationalization

Answer 33

Involves reinterpreting behavior to make it more acceptable and less threatening

Question 34

Displacement

Answer 34

Involves shifting id impulses from a threatening or unavailable object to a substitute object that is available

Question 35

Sublimation

Answer 35

Involves altering or displacing id impulses by diverting instinctual energy into socially acceptable behaviors

Question 36

Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Model Pros

Answer 36

promoted uniqueness of the individual and respect/humane view of those with mental illnesses; pioneered talk therapy as a viable treatment approach

Question 37

Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Model (Cons)

Answer 37

unverifiable concepts, depends on (long ago) case studies for research support

Question 38

Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic model (main theme)

Answer 38

psychopathology due to unconscious conflicts, typically these are unresolved childhood conflicts/traumas/fixations; insight=cure.

Question 39

free association

Answer 39

This process is a Freudian (psychoanalytic) method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.

Question 40

dream analysis

Answer 40

Dream Analysis is an approach to psychological understanding that focuses on finding emotional clues and symbols in a person’s dreams.

Question 41

transference

Answer 41

is a phenomenon where patients undergoing clinical therapy begin to transfer their feelings of a particular person in their lives to the therapist.

Question 42

Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic model (Treatment methods)

Answer 42

the therapist and patient review childhood experiences, uncover unconscious processes via talk therapy; subsequent insight is assumed to lead to symptom relief. Focus is on the past, especially childhood and relationship with caregiver like mother.

Question 43

Cognitive-Behavioral Model

Answer 43

focuses on the behaviors people display and the thoughts they have. The model is also interested in the interplay between behaviors and thoughts — how behavior affects thinking and how thinking affects behavior.

Question 44

Cognitive-Behavioral Model (pros)

Answer 44

all its key concepts can be empirically evaluated; emphasizes external factors and does not judge the individual; challenges clinicians to demonstrate treatment effectiveness; generates much research data on treatment outcome

Question 45

Cognitive-Behavioral Model (cons)

Answer 45

minimizes or ignores biological factors; overemphasizes the role of environmental factors; hard to account for behaviors where exposure is unclear or where reinforcers appear to be outweighed by punishers.

Question 46

Cognitive-Behavioral Model (Main theme)

Answer 46

psychopathology is simply learned behavior, acquired similar to all types of (non-psychopathologic) behaviors; learning (behavioral) paradigm first viewed psychopathology as caused by environmental factors alone. Later with the onset of cognitive theories, behavioral theory expanded to include cognitions as another link to environmentally- induced disorders (e.g., the way a person comprehends or perceives the situation can lead to emitting maladaptive behaviors).

Question 47

classical conditioning

Answer 47

A process of learning by temporal association in which two events that repeatedly occur close together in time become fused in a person’s mind and produce the same response.

Question 48

modeling

Answer 48

A process of learning in which an individual acquires responses by observing and imitating others.

Question 49

operant conditioning

Answer 49

A process of learning in which individuals come to behave in certain ways as a result of experiencing consequences of one kind or another whenever they perform the behavior.

Question 50

Thorndike’s Law of Effect

Answer 50

operant conditioning: behavior that is followed by reinforcement is likely to be repeated (strengthened) in the future; behavior that is followed by punishment is likely to be discouraged (weakened) and not repeated in the future)

Question 51

Cognitive-Behavioral Mode (Treatment methods)

Answer 51

cognitive restructuring, mindfulness, exposure therapy, flooding, systematic desensitization, response prevention, modeling, behavior modification, etc. Treatment is very active, collaborative, and solution-oriented; identify irrational and negative thoughts, cognitive distortions and maladaptive schemas, behavior consequences of reinforcement (positive and negative) and punishment and change thoughts and behaviors; focus is on the here-and-now (present).

Question 52

Humanistic-existential model (pros)

Answer 52

very respectful of the individual; supportive; warm; genuine.

Question 53

Humanistic-existential model (cons)

Answer 53

similar to psychoanalytic model - many concepts difficult to verify; depends on client self-report.

Question 54

Humanistic-existential model (main theme)

Answer 54

psychopathology arises from denial of the authentic self due to attempts to please others and to be accepted by others; fundamental anxiety or motivator here is the fear of death or nonbeing. Attempts to achieve immortality through being special (e.g., being loved, accepted, as one with others) lead an individual to stray from true development of the self. Inauthentic modes of being thus lead to psychopathology, according to this model. Emphasizes phenomenology and free will, along with personal responsibility-taking.

Question 55

Humanistic-existential model (treatment)

Answer 55

non-directedness: active listening, reflection, empty chair, etc.

Key therapist characteristics here include unconditional positive regard, acceptance, genuineness, respect, and empathic understanding.

Underlying premise: client is the expert and holds the answers to his/her/their own dilemmas. Therapist’s job is to create a safe holding environment so that the client is able to get in touch with true feelings, wants, needs, values, etc., and that these in turn will direct the client in making the “right” life decisions health and happiness, or self-actualization. Focus is on both the past and present.

Question 56

Diathesis-stress model

Answer 56

the first interactive or multifactorial model that suggests the existence of an inherent predisposition or individual vulnerability to mental illness(es) that is triggered by environmental stress; the model insists that an individual must have both to lead to the onset of symptoms.

Originally created to explain the onset of schizophrenia.