Study Guide Ch: 1

Question 1

Defining Criteria of Psychopathology (SSFSMD)

Answer 1

1. Statistical Deviance* or Unusualness
2. Social deviance*/norm violation w/observer discomfort
3. Faulty perceptions or interpretations of reality
4. Significant Personal Distress*
5. Maladaptive behaviors/Dysfunction*
6. Dangerousness*

Question 2

4 D’s of Psychopathology

Answer 2

Deviance
Distress
Dysfunction
Dangerousness

Question 3

Statistical Deviance or Unusualness

Answer 3

Statistically rare or uncommon in the population.

Question 4

Social Deviance/Norms

Answer 4

Behaviors that are both rare and undesirable within a given context are often labeled abnormal, especially when these cause distress, upset or irritation to others.

(AKA norm violation with observer discomfort.)

Question 5

Faulty Perceptions or Interpretations of
Reality (HDD)

Answer 5

•Hallucinations (i.e., hearing voices or seeing things that are not present)

•Delusions (i.e., holding beliefs like the CIA is out to get you that have no supporting evidence) are indicative of mental illness.

•Disorientation to person, place, time, and situation are also indicative of problems with reality orientation.

Question 6

Significant Personal Distress

Answer 6

Psychopathology is indicated when feelings of distress become so severe that they impair functioning or persist long after the source of distress has been resolved or ended.

•Example: The hopelessness of depression.

Question 7

Maladaptive Behaviors/Dysfunction

Answer 7

•When an individual repeatedly acts in ways that undermine adaptive functioning or leads to unhappiness.

• Ex – excessive, chronic alcohol abuse results in job disruption and likely job loss.

Question 8

Danger

Answer 8

Psychopathology is usually evident when a person behaves in a manner that threatens their own life or the lives of others.

•Danger to Self

•Danger to Others

•Grave Disability

Question 9

Demonology

Answer 9

From 500 to 1350 c.e., the period known as the Middle Ages, the power of the clergy increased greatly throughout Europe. In those days, the church rejected scientific forms of investigation, and it controlled all education. Religious beliefs, which were highly superstitious and demonological, came to dominate all aspects of life. Deviant behavior, particularly psychological abnormality, was seen as evidence of Satan’s influence.

Question 10

Somitogenesis Etiological Theory

Answer 10

Somitogenesis is a particularly complex process, where segmentation is accompanied by other morphogenetic movements, including compaction and epithelization, a 90° rotation of cell alignment in the lower vertebrates, and differentiation of somite subregions.

Question 11

The Diathesis Stress Model

Answer 11

Is the explanation that a disorder or behavior trait is the result of an interaction between genetic predisposition vulnerability and stress, usually caused by life events and factors.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yuMi50PrwIM

Question 12

Biopsychosocial

Answer 12

Any one factor is not sufficient, it is the interplay between people’s genetic makeup (biology), mental health and behavior (psychology), and social and cultural context that determine the course of their health related outcomes.

Bio: Physiological Pathology

Psycho: Thoughts, emotions and behaviors such as psychological distress, fear/avoidance beliefs, current coping methods and attribution.

Social: Socio-economical, socio-environmental, and cultural factors such as work issues, family circumstances and benefits/economics.

Question 13

Developmental Psychopathology

Answer 13

A perspective that uses a developmental framework to understand how variables and principles from the various models may collectively account for human functioning.

Question 14

Case Study

Answer 14

A detailed account of a person’s life and psychological problems.

Question 15

Correlation

Answer 15

The degree to which events or characteristics vary along with each other.

Question 16

Correlational Method

Answer 16

A research procedure used to determine how much events or characteristics vary along with each other.

Question 17

Experiment

Answer 17

A research procedure in which a variable is manipulated and the effect of that manipulation on another variable is observed.

Question 18

Independent Variable

Answer 18

The variable in an experiment that is manipulated to determine whether it has an effect on another variable.

Question 19

Dependent Variable

Answer 19

The variable in an experiment that is expected to change as the independent variable is manipulated.

Question 20

Epidemiological Studies

Answer 20

A study that measures the incidence and prevalence of a problem, such as a disorder, in a given population.

Question 21

quasi-experimental design

Answer 21

A research design that fails to include key elements of a “pure” experiment and/or intermixes elements of both experimental and correlational studies.

Question 22

internal validity

Answer 22

The extent to which you’re able to say that no other variables, apart from the independent variable caused a change in the dependent variable.

Question 23

external validity

Answer 23

The extent to which results of a study are generalizable to other situations or groups.

Question 24

inter-rater

Answer 24

Inter-Rater Reliability refers to statistical measurements that determine how similar the data collected by different raters are.

Question 25

rater

Answer 25

A rater is someone who is scoring or measuring a performance, behavior, or skill in a human or animal.

Examples of raters would be a job interviewer, a psychologist measuring how many times a subject scratches their head in an experiment, and a scientist observing how many times an ape picks up a toy.

Question 26

test-retest reliability

Answer 26

Test Re-Test Method is the practice of evaluating test subjects at different points in time over the course of the research.

Question 27

random assignment

Answer 27

Random assignment of participants to experimental conditions is a commonly used experimental technique to help ensure that the treatment group and the control group are the same before treatment.

Question 28

placebo

Answer 28

Is any substance that is not known to have any pharmacological effects (produces no meaningful changes in an organism, either chemical, biological, etc.) that is made to look like an active (“real”) drug.

Question 29

control group

Answer 29

A control group is used in many experimental research studies. It is used as a contrast group to a ‘treatment’ group which receives some form of treatment for a shared condition or problem. A control group is chosen with the same demographics and characteristics as the treatment group but receives no ‘treatment’ and is used as a comparison.

Question 30

normal curve

Answer 30

A frequency curve where most occurrences take place in the middle of the distribution and taper off on either side.

Question 31

Correlation Coefficient

Answer 31

This is a measure of the direction (positive or negative) and extent (range of a correlation coefficient is from -1 to +1) of the relationship between two sets of scores. Scores with a positive correlation coefficient go up and down together (as with smoking and cancer). A negative correlation coefficient indicates that as one score increases, the other score decreases (as in the relationship between self-esteem and depression; as self-esteem increases, the rate of depression decreases).

Question 32

Statistical Significance p < .05

Answer 32

the pattern of findings found in a study is likely to generalize to the broader population of interest.

Question 33

correlational studies

Answer 33

Correlational Methods are a form of research that include “quasi-experimental” designs such as survey research or naturalistic observations, in which different groups are compared, but cause and effect between variables cannot be determined. These are different from True Experimental Designs because there is no control condition, nothing is manipulated, and there are many differences between the groups other than the independent variable(s).

Question 34

high risk studies

Answer 34

Research in which there is any possibility of harms greater than discomfort, or research which is ineligible for low or negligible risk review

Question 35

chance error

Answer 35

error that is due to chance alone