Study Guide Ch. 16 Flashcards
<p>SG: Which of the following is a neuroendocrine organ?<br></br>e. Adrenal Cortex<br></br>f. Thyroid Gland<br></br>g. Gonads<br></br>h. Hypothalamus</p>
<p>hypothalamus</p>
<p>SG: Which of the following has both endocrine and exocrine function?<br></br>i. Pineal Gland<br></br>j. Thyroid Gland<br></br>k. Adrenal Medulla<br></br>l. Pancreas</p>
<p>pancreas</p>
<p>SG: Describe the process depicted in the image below.</p>
upregulation
<p>SG: TRUE or FALSE : The effects of calcitonin and parathyroid hormone are an excellent example of synergism.</p>
false, opposite effects on blood [calcium]
<p>SG: What is the colloid within a thyroid follicle composed of?</p>
thyroglobulin protein with attached iodine atoms. Thyroid hormone is derived from that iodinated thyroglobulin once back inside the thyroid follicular cells
<p>SG: Describe the production of thyroid hormone.</p>
throglobulin from thyroid follicular cells breaks apart into tyrosines -> go into colloid -> attach to iodine to form DIT & MIT, iodinated tyrosines link together to form T3 & T4, endocytosed and combined with lysosome, which cleaves T4 and T3 from thyroglobulin so they can diffuse into bloodstream, T4 is more stable but T3 binds more tightly and is more active, so many tissues convert T4 -> T3
<p>SG: What are the target organs of parathyroid hormone?</p>
bone (increase osteoclast activity), kidneys (more reabsorption in kidney tubules and activation of vitamin D -> more Ca2+ can be absorbed from food in intestine)
<p>SG: How does diabetes insipidus differ from diabetes mellitus?</p>
mellitus: either hyposecretion or hypoactivity of insulin
insipidus: either hyposecretion of ADH or kidneys resist ADH
<p>SG: How does type I diabetes mellitus differ from type II diabetes</p>
autoimmune vs. downregulation in response to overwhelming insulin
<p>SG: A woman has been diagnosed with an anterior pituitary tumor. As a result, her prolactin levels are much higher thannormal. What symptoms would you expect her to experience?</p>
no menses, inappropriate milk production
<p>SG: Compare and contrast the effects of acute stress with the effects of chronic stress.<br></br></p>
short term: high heart rate and BP, redirect blood away from nonessential organs, bronchiodilation, high blood glucose for essential organs
long term: protein and fat breakdown to raise blood [glu] for brain, suppress immune sys, maintain BP, kidneys retain Na+ and water, blood pressure and volume rise
<p>SG: What causes Graves’ disease, what are symptoms, and how is it treated?</p>
most common hyperthyroid pathology, autoimmune, person makes abnormal antibodies directed against thyroid follicular cells, paradoxically mimic TSH and continuously simulate TH release; elevated metab. rate, sweating, rapid/irreg heartbeat, nervousness, weight loss, edema behind eyes causes them to bulge; treated with surgical removal of thyroid gland and ingesting radioactive iodine to destroy most active thyroid cells
<p>SG: If someone eats a diet that is insufficient in iodine, they can develop a condition known as goiter. Describe that condition.</p>
follicular cells produce colloid but cannot iodinate it and make hormones, so pituitary sends more and more TSH, but the follicles just accumulate more and more unusable colloid, resulting in an enlarged thyroid
<p>SG: TRUE or FALSE : Mineralocorticoids are responsible for maintaining the body’s electrolyte balance.</p>
true because the main one is aldosterone, which causes increased absorption of Na+ (and water) and increased K+ excretion and keeps blood pressure and volume high enough
<p>SG: Describe the calorigenic effect of thyroid hormone.</p>
increase basal metabolic rate and body heat production by turning on genes that oxidize glucose (hypersecretion can lead to increased body temp and heat intolerance, flushed skin
