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Biology > Study Guide B pt 2 > Flashcards

Study Guide B pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a polar molecule?

A

a molecule with a slightly positively charged region and a slightly negatively charged region

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2
Q

Explain why water is a polar molecule.

A

the oxygen nucleus pulls the electrons in the molecule more strongly than the hydrogen atoms. The hydrogen atoms have a slight positive charge and the oxygen atom has a slight negative charge.

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3
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

an attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen and a slightly negative atom

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4
Q

Describe where a hydrogen bond can form among water molecules.

A

between the slightly positive hydrogen atom of one water molecule and the slightly negative oxygen atom of another water molecule.

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5
Q

describe high specific heat

A

a large amount of energy is needed to produce an increase in water temperature; water resists changes in temperature

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6
Q

describe cohesion

A

water molecules “stick” to each other

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7
Q

describe adhesion

A

water molecules “stick” to other substances

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8
Q

What is the difference between a solvent and a solute?

A

a solvent is present in greater concentration and dissolves the solute

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9
Q

What types of substances dissolve easily in water?

A

polar molecules and ions

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10
Q

What types of substances do not dissolve easily in water?

A

Nonpolar molecules (such as fats & oils)

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11
Q

Effect an acid has on H+ concentration in a solution

A

increases H+ concentration

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12
Q

Effect a base has on H+ concentration in a solution

A

decreases H+ concentration

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13
Q

Effect an acid has on pH

A

lower pH

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14
Q

Effect a base has on pH

A

raise pH

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15
Q

define solution

A

a homogeneous mixture of substanes

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16
Q

define solvent

A

substance present in greater amount in which other substances dissolve

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17
Q

define solute

A

substance that dissolves in a solvent

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18
Q

Why is carbon often called the building block of life?

A

carbon atoms are the basis of the molecules that make up most living things

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19
Q

What ability allows carbon atoms to form a large number of molecules?

A

carbon atoms can form covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms

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20
Q

function of carbohydrates

A

broken down as a source of chemical energy (short term energy); part of cell structure

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21
Q

function of lipids

A

broken down as a source of chemical energy (long term energy); part of cell structure

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22
Q

function of proteins

A

many functions, including movement, transport, chemical catalysts

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23
Q

function of nucleic acids

A

store genetic information, build proteins

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24
Q

examples of carbohydrates

A

sugars, starches, cellulose

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25
Q

examples of lipids

A

fats, oils, phospholipids

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26
Q

examples of proteins

A

enzymes, hemoglobin

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27
Q

examples of nucleic acids

A

DNA, RNA

28
Q

What determines a protein’s structure and function?

A

The order of amino acids and interactions between amino acids (hydrogen bonds + sulfer-sulfer bonds)

29
Q

What are nucleic acids made of?

A

Nucleotides, which are composed of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base

30
Q

The prefix mono- means “one,” and the prefix poly- means “many.” How are these meanings related to the terms monomer and polymer?

A

a monomer is a single subunit; a polymer is a molecule made of many monomers

31
Q

define reactants

A

substances that are changed during a chemical reactions

32
Q

define products

A

substances made by a chemical reaction

33
Q

What causes chemical bonds to break during a reaction?

A

the addition of energy to the reactants

34
Q

What is bond energy?

A

the energy required to break a bond between 2 atoms

35
Q

In a chemical equation, what symbol is used to show that a chemical reaction goes in both directions?

A

one arrow on top of another, pointing in opposite directions

36
Q

When does a chemical reaction reach equilibrium?

A

when a reaction takes place at equal rates in both directions

37
Q

The bond energy of the reactants and products determines whether …

A

energy will be released or absorbed during a chemical reaction

38
Q

before a chemical reaction can start, _____ must be absorbed by reactants.

A

energy

39
Q

What is the amount of energy that must be absorbed to start a reaction called?

A

activation energy

40
Q

In an exothermic reaction, the products have …

A

a lower bond energy than the reactants. overall, energy is released.

41
Q

In an endothermic reaction, the products have …

A

a higher bond energy than the reactants. Overall, energy is absorbed.

42
Q

A chemical reaction changes ______ into ______.

A

reactants into products

43
Q

analogy for activation energy example

A

the energy it takes to get out of bed in the morning before you can start your day.

44
Q

The term equilibrium is based on two Latin roots that mean “equal” and “balance.” How do these meanings tell you the meaning of equilibrium in a chemical reaction?

A

The reactants and products formed equally; the reaction is in a balanced state.

45
Q

The prefix exo- means “out,” and the prefix endo- means “in.” What do these prefixes tell you about exothermic and endothermic reactions?

A

Energy goes out of an exothermic reaction and goes into an endothermic reaction.

46
Q

What is activation energy?

A

the amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction.

47
Q

A catalyst _____ activation energy.

A

lowers

48
Q

main functions of catalysts

A
  • catalysts decrease activation energy for a chemical reaction
  • catalysts increase the rate of a chemical reaction
49
Q

detail about another characteristic of catalysts

A

catalysts are neither reactants nor products because they are not changed or used up

50
Q

When a catalyst is present, more/less activation energy is needed to start a chemical reaction.

A

less activation energy

51
Q

Why are enzymes necessary?

A

because reactions in organisms have to occur at a low temperature (body temp), with low concentrations of reactants and at a high rate.

52
Q

How does the structure of enzymes affect their function?

A

if structure changes, substrates will not be able to bind an enzyme’s active sites

53
Q

Lock and key model for enzymes

A

only certain substrates bind to an enzyme’s active sites; when bound to the enzyme the chemical reaction can occur

54
Q

Important factors in enzyme structure

A

order of amino acids and hydrogen bonding between the amino acids

55
Q

How do enzymes weaken the bonds in substrates?

A

the enzyme’s shape changes slightly, which strains the bonds inside the substrate. the strain on the bonds weakens them.

56
Q

The word catalyst comes from the Greek word meaning “to dissolve.” How does this definition relate to the meaning of catalyst?

A

A catalyst “dissolves” or “gets rids of” some of the activation energy needed to start a reaction.

57
Q

How are substrates like keys and enzymes like locks?

A

specific substrates fit exactly into the active sites for specific enzymes, in a similar way that only a certain key will open any given lock

58
Q

Why is the size of a cell important when looking at surface area?

A

cells need a high surface area to volume ratio because of food, waste, and metabolic reactions

59
Q

Why is the cell membrane described using the fluid mosaic model?

A

fluid means moving and that relates to the cell membrane

60
Q

water is ____ , oil is ________, and phospholipids are _______.

A

hydrophilic; hydrophobic; amphiphilic

61
Q

How is cholesterol used by cells?

A

cholesterol can function to connect phosopholipids to keep them from getting too warm

62
Q

What is the difference between peripheral and integral proteins?

A

integral proteins are embedded in the membrane, whereas peripheral proteins are on the surface of the membrane

63
Q

name 1 integral protein

A

channel proteins

64
Q

name 1 peripheral protein

A

receptor/signal proteins

65
Q

When carbohydrates bind to proteins, they are known as …

A

glycoproteins

66
Q

When carbohydrates bind to lipids, they are known as…

A

glycolipids

Biology (3 decks)

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