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Biology > Macromolecules, pH, and Elements > Flashcards

Macromolecules, pH, and Elements Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 4 macromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids

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2
Q

Compounds can be classified into 2 categories:

A

Organic and Inorganic

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3
Q

What type of compound contains carbon and hydrogen atoms?

A

Organic

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4
Q

What compounds can have either one or the other, but do not contain both carbon and hydrogen atoms?

A

Inorganic

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5
Q

Most of your body’s molecules are _______ compounds.

A

Organic

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6
Q

Define macromolecules

A

a molecule with a very large number of atoms to carry out biological and chemical functions

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7
Q

Large carbon compounds are built up from smaller simpler molecules called ________.

A

monomers (mono=one)

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8
Q

Monomers can bind to one another to form complex molecules known as _________.

A

polymers (poly=many)

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9
Q

A polymer consists of repeated, linked units, which can also bind forming large polymers called __________.

A

macromolecules (macro=large)

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10
Q

What chemical reaction do monomers link to form polymers?

A

Dehydration synthesis or condensation reaction

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11
Q

What happens during the formation of polymers? (dehydration synthesis)

A

Water (h2O) is released or is by-product of the reaction.

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12
Q

the process by which bonds are broken between each monomer within the polymer structure

A

hydrolysis

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13
Q

Hydrolysis is the ________ of a condensation reaction.

A

reverse

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14
Q

During hydrolysis, what can happen with the addition of water?

A

some polymers can break the bonds that hold them together

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15
Q

Which macromolecule is composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in the proportion of 1:2:1?

A

Carbohydrates

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16
Q

What are the monomers of carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharides

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17
Q

Monosaccharides are simple sugars. Examples:

A
  1. Glucose: commonly found in blood of animals
  2. Galactose: a simple sugar found in milk
  3. Fructose: commonly found in fruit
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18
Q

Disaccharides contain 2 monosaccharides joined by …

A

dehydration synthesis

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19
Q

Examples of Disaccharides:

A
  1. Lactose: commonly found in milk, made up of Galactose + Glucose
  2. Sucrose: “table sugar”, transported in plants, made up of Fructose + Glucose
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20
Q

Define polysaccharides

A

carbohydrates formed from linking individual sugars into long chains

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21
Q

Examples of polysaccharides:

A
  1. Starch: a common storage form of glucose in plants
  2. Cellulose: a polysaccharide contained in the cell walls of plants; gives strength and rigidity to plant cells
  3. Glycogen: a common storage form of glucose in animals (stored in the muscles and liver to be used as quick energy)
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22
Q

Polymers of Carbohydrates

A

Disaccharides and Polysaccharides

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23
Q

structure of a carbohydrate

A

hexagon shaped

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24
Q

Which class of macromolecules do not dissolve in water and why?

A

lipids because they are a non-polar substance

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25
Q

Lipids serve three functions:

A
  1. Energy storage
  2. Structural support in cell membranes (phospholipids)
  3. Serve as reactants (starting materials) for metabolic reactions
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26
Q

Monomers of lipids

A

Fatty acid tails and glycerol

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27
Q

Saturated fatty acids have the maximum number of bonds and are usually…

A

full, solid at room temperature and most come from animal products

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28
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids have what kind of bonds in the carbon chain and are…

A

double bonds; are not full, liquid at room temp, and are aka oils

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29
Q

Saturated animal fats are associated with what

A

circulatory disorders; plant oils can be substituted for animal fats in the diet

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30
Q

What is a common lipid that contains fatty acids?

A

Triglycerides (glycerol linked to three fatty acids)

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31
Q

Polymers of lipids

A

Triglycerides, fats, oils, and wax

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32
Q

Structure of lipids

A

shape of an E

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33
Q

What elements make up lipids?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen (CHO)

34
Q

What elements make up the organic compound, Protein?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen (CHON)

35
Q

monomer of proteins

A

amino acids

36
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

help control chemical reactions by acting as catalysts

37
Q

How do catalysts speed up reactions?

A

by lowering activation energy

38
Q

polymers of proteins

A

polypeptide

39
Q

structure of proteins

A

shape of a globe

40
Q

Define Nucleic Acids

A

complex organic molecules that store genetic information in the cell

41
Q

Monomer of nucleic acids

A

Nucleotides

42
Q

What do nucelotides consist of?

A

A sugar (pentose) + base (nitrogenous) + phosphate OR a 5-chain carbon, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

43
Q

What are the three types of nucleic acids?

A

DNA, RNA, ATP

44
Q

What is dna?

A

the genetic information inside the nucleus of cells

45
Q

What is RNA?

A

contains instructions which code for protein synthesis

46
Q

What is ATP?

A

used as energy for the cell and has a slightly different structure than DNA and RNA. It contains a base + sugar + three phosphates

47
Q

polymer of nucleic acids

A

DNA and RNA

48
Q

What elements make up nucleic acids?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus(CHONP)

49
Q

structure of nucleic acids

A

double helix (DNA) and half a helix (RNA)

50
Q

Forms skin, blood, hair, and muscles

A

Proteins

51
Q

Used for long-term energy storage

A

Lipids

52
Q

Used for short-term energy storage

A

carbohydrates

53
Q

define homeostasis

A

the maintenance of an internal environment separate from the rest of the world

54
Q

The balance of homeostasis is maintained through…

A

feedback loops

55
Q

type of feedback loops that are created when the outcome of a process creates more of that same outcome.

A

positive feedback loops

56
Q

type of feedback loops that are created when the outcome of a process creates less of that same outcome.

A

Negative feedback loops

57
Q

What must bonds do in order for macromolecules to be broken down by organisms?

A

the bonds holding the polymer must be broken apart

58
Q

Monosaccharides can be linked together to create…

A

disaccharides and other polysaccharides to store chemical energy

59
Q

Which property makes lipids a formidable macromolecule?

A

hydrophobia

60
Q

uses of lipids

A

energy storage, insulation, and hormone transmission

61
Q

There are more than ____ different amino acids found in nature

A

20

62
Q

Amino acids are comprised of…

A

an amino group, an r-group, and a carboxyl group

63
Q

side chains attached to the amino acid

A

r-groups

64
Q

r-groups fall into 3 categories

A

nonpolar, polar, and electrically charged

65
Q

How do you identify polar molecules?

A

Often has either an N, O, or P within the structure

66
Q

How do you identify nonpolar molecules?

A

if it has C and H in the structure

67
Q

the measurement and classification of substances based on the amount of hydrogen that the substances possess

A

pH scale

68
Q

ranges of the pH scale

A

0-6: Acidic (ex. stomach acid)
7: Neutral (ex. water)
8-14: Basic (ex. drain cleaner)

69
Q

Why are enzymes important?

A

they lower the energy required to maintain homeostasis

70
Q

define neutralization

A

when acids and bases combine to create water (H+ + OH- = H2O)

71
Q

As you go down the pH scale (i.e. 14 to 1), the concentration of H+ …

A

increases by 10; ex: if a substance with a pH of 5 has 1 proton, then a substance a pH of 4 will have 10 protons

72
Q

the most basic and plentiful element in the universe found in almost every known chemical reaction, especially in biological ones.

A

hydrogen

73
Q

One of the most stable and common elements on the periodic table, this element is used in conjunction with hydrogen to make up the backbone of life on this planet.

A

carbon

74
Q

Serves as the backbone of a host of organic molecules. The most important of which is DNA.

A

nitrogen

75
Q

we use this to breath and it is the second most abundant gas in our atmosphere, and key to the creation of energy on the planet.

A

oxygen

76
Q

used by organisms to create several key proteins and macromolecules. is also key to the existence and creation of DNA.

A

Nitrogen

77
Q

Which elements have their own cycle?

A

Nitrogen (The Nitrogen Cycle) and Phosphorus (The Phosphorus cycle)

78
Q

Stages of the Nitrogen cycle

A
  1. Nitrogen Fixation: atmospheric nitrogen is converted into ammonia
  2. Nitrification: ammonia is converted into nitrate and nitrite
  3. Assimilation: nitrogen is taken in by organisms and is used to create proteins and other necessary macromolecules
  4. Dentification: after an organism dies (or creates waste) the nitrogen is released
79
Q

Steps of Phosphorus cycle

A
  1. Weathering: Phosphorus is eroded from bedrock and makes its way into the soil and water
  2. Assimilation: when organisms uptake the phosphorus and incorporate it into their DNA and cells
  3. Deposition: After an organism dies (or creates waste) the phosphorus is deposited bak into the soil and continues the cycle
80
Q

which element is a land-locked element and doesn’t return to a gas form?

A

phosphorus

Biology (3 decks)

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