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Horticulture > Study guide > Flashcards

Study guide Flashcards

1
Q

Soil

A

A blanket of loose material that covers the majority of the Earths land surface. It’s a dynamic mixture of minerals, decaying plants and animals (organic matter), microorganisms, water, and air

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2
Q

What fraction of a good, productive soil is pore space and what fraction is soilds?

A

% of each

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3
Q

What are the four components of soil and what % of each is found in a good/ideal soil?

A

25% air, 25% water 5% om 45% minerals

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4
Q

Why are pore spaces important?

A

for water movement

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5
Q

What is organic matter and why is it important?

A

It’s the decomposition of dead plants and animals. It’s important b/c its rich in nutrients and is responsible for half of the cation-exchange capacity of a soil.

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6
Q

What is soil texture? What are the three particle size classes in soil?

A

Three classes: sand, silt, and clay. Sand is biggest and clay is smallest

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7
Q

Which has the greatest overall pore space and can hold the most water?

A

Clay

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8
Q

Which has large pore sizes and drains very quickly?

A

sand

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9
Q

which is the ideal soil texture for most plants?

A

loam

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10
Q

What is cation exchange capacity and why is it important?

A

It’s the relative capacity of the soil to attract and hold nutrients (cations) on the surface of the soil particles.

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11
Q

What is soil pH?

A

Its the measure of its acidity or alkalinity

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12
Q

What is the optimum pH range for most horticultural crops?

A

5-7

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13
Q

Name two cultivated plant species that have an optimum soil pH of 4.5-5.5

A

azalea and potato

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14
Q

essential elements for organic nutrients

A

C, H, O

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15
Q

essential elements for primary macronutrients

A

N, P, K

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16
Q

Secondary macronutrients

A

Ca, Mg, S

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17
Q

Micronutrients

A

B, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Zn, Ni

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18
Q

Which organic material will decompose more quickly?

A

Plants w/low C:N ratio will decompose quickly

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19
Q

Why can adding organic material w/a high C:N ratio cause a decrease in available N in soil?

A

B/c the N from the soil is tied up by the organisms which causes decomposition

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20
Q

What do the three #s on a fertilizer bag stand for?

A

N, P, K (nitrogen, phosphate, and potash)

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21
Q

Balanced fertilizer

A

all three #s are the same

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22
Q

Complete fertilizer

A

Contain all 3 elements in varying amounts

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23
Q

Single element fertilizer

A

Contain only one of the 3 major nutrients

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24
Q

List four forms in which fertilizers can be applied

A

Liquids, soluble powders, granules, and tablets

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25
Q

What do you add to the soil to raise pH? What can be added to lower pH?

A

Lime to raise sulfur to lower

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26
Q

name five advantages of using mulch

A

Conserves moisture, stabilizes soil temp, suppression of weed growth, erosion control, ad winter protection

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27
Q

Name two perennial vegetables

A

asparagus and rhubarb

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28
Q

Name two biennial vegetables that are treated as annuals

A

beets and carrots

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29
Q

name four annual vegetable crops

A

peppers, squash, beans

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30
Q

What is the optimum temp for growth of cool season crops and 3 exs.

A

60-75

peas, potatoes, and beets

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31
Q

What is the optimum temp for growth of warm season crops and 3 exs.

A

80-95

tomatoes, peppers, and corn

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32
Q

Fruit of vegetable

A

beans and tomato

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33
Q

Edible vegetable seeds

A

Peas and sunflower

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34
Q

Root ex.

A

carrots and sweet potatoes

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35
Q

Bulbs

A

Modified stem, tightly surrounded by leafy scales. Onions and garlic

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36
Q

Tubers and rhizomes

A

Large fleshy storage stems, usually below ground. ex. potato and ginger

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37
Q

Above-ground stems

A

Usually the petiole of leafy vegetables. High in fiber and water. ex. celery and as[aragus

38
Q

Leaves

A

Vegetables grow for their ‘greens’. high in fiber and vitamins. ex. lettuce and brussel sprouts

39
Q

flowers

A

usually green; high in fiber, vitamins, and antioxidants. ex. broccoli and cauliflower

40
Q

Frost-free period

A

Avg. # of says from the last spring frost to earliest fall frost

41
Q

Days to maturity

A

of days from either seed (or transplant) to the time the crop is ready for harvest

42
Q

To increase production of leafy vegetables, fertilizer high in what nutrient should be applied?

A

Nitrogen

43
Q

To increase production of roots or fruits, fertilizer high in what nutrients should be applied?

A

Potassium and phosphorus

44
Q

Succession cropping

A

planting vegetables seeds several weeks apart to ensure maturation at different times and therefore continuous harvest

45
Q

Block gardening

A

a form of vegetable gardening that involves planting vegetables in groups of blocks rather than rows

46
Q

Hill

A

a group of seeds planted close together; hill planting is common for melons and squash

47
Q

Interplanting

A

sowing seeds of a quick-maturing vegetable w/seeds of a slower one or between transplants; the fast-maturing vegetable is then harvested before it begins to crowd the main crop

48
Q

Thinning

A

removal of excess seedlings that are spaced too closely for best growth

49
Q

What is mulching and why is it important?

A

Mulch is a layer of plant-derived or synthetic material laid on the soil surface over the roots of plants. It reduced the time spent weeding and helps the plant.

50
Q

What is crop rotation and why is it important

A

The planting of crops in different areas of the garden every year. It deters the buildup of disease organisms and insects associated w/a particular crop

51
Q

cover crop

A

Used to maintain fertility in established vegetable gardens

52
Q

Green manure crop

A

Used to improve poor soil before a garden is planted

53
Q

Top 3 vegetable crops in the U.S.?

A

corn, soybeans, wheat

54
Q

What are three major factors that determine what species of tree fruits/nuts can be grown?

A

Climate, property size, expected maintenance time

55
Q

Which requires more sunlight, fruit or nut trees

A

fruit needs more

56
Q

Is it better to grow fruit trees on a slope or in a valley? why?

A

grow on upper part of slope to protect against frost injury

57
Q

When selecting species and cultivars of tree fruits/nuts, what factors should be considered?

A

Winter hardiness, required fruit maturity period, disease resistance, fruit use, fruit appearance, pollination requirements

58
Q

What are the approximate height ranges (in ft.) for standard, semi-dwarf, and dwarf trees?

A

Standard: 20-25 ft across 25 ft tall
Semi-dwarf: 10-15 ft. tall
Dwarf: 5-12 ft tall

59
Q

Why is pruning of fruit trees important?

A

So you can have strong branches that are capable of supporting heavy weight of fruit

60
Q

Name three pruning styles that used for fruit trees

A
  1. Central leader
  2. modified
  3. vase form or open center form
61
Q

Name four reasons why a fruit tree may fail to bear fruit

A
  1. age
  2. pollination problems
  3. insufficient winter chilling
  4. insufficient sunlight
  5. frost or rain during pollination
62
Q

Name two types of fruits that are part of a group called brambles

A

Blackberries and raspberries

63
Q

What type of blackberry does better in the south?

A

Trailing types grow better in south

64
Q

What is different about the fruit of blackberries compared to the fruit of raspberries

A

When blackberries are picked the center core remains with the berry, but when raspberries are picked the center core remains on the plant.

65
Q

What two small/bush fruits like acid soils

A

blueberries and cranberries

66
Q

Name two fruit species that do well in Northern U.S. but don’t like the heat of the south

A

Currants and gooseberries

67
Q

What type of grapes grow best in the south

A

Fresh-american hybrid

68
Q

What is the difference between spring bearing and everbearing types of strawberries

A

Everbearing types produce lightly throughout the summer until fall.

69
Q

xeriscaping?

A

landscaping with drought tolerant plants

70
Q

Hybrid tea roses

A

Large blossoms produced singly on moderate-sized, bushy plants

71
Q

Floribunda rose

A

Bear their blooms in clusters through summer and have blooms generally smaller than those of teas

72
Q

Grandiflora rose

A

cross between floribundas and hybrid teas

73
Q

climbing rose

A

have long canes that grow from the base of the plant. very large and trained along fences and garde

74
Q

tree rose

A

hybrid tea, grandiflora, or floribunda roses. They are grafted on to long-cane hardy species to achieve a tree form

75
Q

Name four aesthetic benefits of using indoor plants

A

fill in gaps, fragrance, window displays, brighten up areas

76
Q

Other than aesthetics, what benefit is provided by indoor plants?

A

Provide improved indoor air quality

77
Q

What 5 indoor environmental conditions must be considered when choosing indoor plants?

A

light, temp, humidity, water quality, containerization, and air circulation

78
Q

How does insufficient light affect houseplants? How does too much light affect houseplants?

A

Low light levels can lead to a decline in health (of plant). too much light can lead to scorching of foliage

79
Q

Why can warmer night temps inside (compared to outside) negatively affect plants?

A

B/c plants dont need as many fluctuations. and it produces lower carb reserves and less energy for new growth

80
Q

What is the min. humidity level for most houseplants?

A

40%

81
Q

name two ways to increase humidity levels near houseplants

A

mist plants daily OR place on a tray of damp gravel

82
Q

What chemicals in tap water can affect plant growth?

A

Chlorine, sodium or fluoride

83
Q

How does limited air circulation affect indoor plants?

A

Less movement of O and CO2

84
Q

What plant characteristics should be considered when choosing house plants?

A

General attractiveness, appearance and size at maturity, growth cycle, and growth rate

85
Q

Name 3 foliage plants

A

Zebra plant, rubber plant, and spider plant

86
Q

Name 3 flowering plants

A

African violet, cycleman, hibiscus

87
Q

Do more houseplants die from overwatering or from drought?

A

die from overwatering

88
Q

What do brown leaf tips and margins indicate?

A

Indicates that the compost/soil or atmosphere is too dry

89
Q

Fertilizer with what two nutrients is best to encourage flowering?

A

Phosphorous and Potassium

90
Q

What nutrient encourages foliage growth?

A

Nitrogen

Horticulture (4 decks)

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