Study Guide 5 (exam2) Flashcards

1
Q

What is binary fission?

A

Asexual reproduction; cell divides into two identical cells

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2
Q

What happens during the S phase of the cell cycle?

A

DNA replication occurs; two identical copies of each chromosome.

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3
Q

What occurs during the G2 phase?

A

makes organelles, condenses chromosomes, and builds microtubules

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4
Q

What is the M phase?

A

Nucleus divides and chromosomes are split into two daughter cells

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5
Q

What happens during cytokinesis (C phase)?

A

Division of the cytoplasm into two daughter cells

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6
Q

What is a diploid cell?

A

Two sets of chromosomes (one from each parent)

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7
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

Same size, shape, and genes—one from mom, one from dad

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8
Q

What is the centromere?

A

Joins sister chromatids and attaches to kinetochore.

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9
Q

What are sister chromatids?

A

Identical chromosome copies (S phase) joined at the centromere.

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10
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

Ordered display of chromosomes to pair homologous ones

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11
Q

What is monosomy?

A

One chromosome missing from a pair

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12
Q

What is trisomy?

A

Three copies of a chromosome instead of two

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13
Q

What is chromatin?

A

DNA + proteins that form chromosomes when not dividing

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14
Q

How many nucleotides are in a typical human chromosome?

A

140 million nucleotides (1.4 x 10^8).

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15
Q

What is a nucleosome?

A

Basic unit of DNA packaging, (DNA wraps around histone proteins)

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16
Q

What is programmed cell death (apoptosis)?

A

Controlled process of cell death (develop/maintain healthy tissues)

17
Q

What happens at the G1 checkpoint?

A

Checks size, energy, and DNA to decide to divide, rest (G0), or delay

18
Q

What does the G2 checkpoint do?

A

Checks for DNA errors before mitosis

19
Q

What does the M checkpoint monitor?

A

Ensures proper chromosome alignment before anaphase

20
Q

What is the G0 phase?

A

Resting, non-dividing state

21
Q

What role does telomerase play in cells?

A

Prevents telomere shortening, allowing unlimited cell division

22
Q

What is cancer?

A

Uncontrolled cell division due to gene mutations

23
Q

What are the deadliest cancers in the U.S.?

A

Lung cancer, colon/rectal cancer, and breast cancer.

24
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Cell division (nonreproductive cells) —> two identical daughter cells

25
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Halves chromosome number, produces 4 (non-identical) gametes

26
Q

What is a eukaryotic chromosome?

A

DNA coiled around histones, separable during division

27
Q

What are histones?

A

Proteins that package DNA into nucleosomes

28
Q

What is interphase?

A

Cell prepares for division (G1, S, G2)

29
Q

What happens during the G1 phase?

A

Cell grows, performs functions, checks readiness for DNA replication