Study Guide Flashcards
What is required in order for something to be considered an organic compound?
carbon to carbon bonds
What is the most abundant inorganic compound present in an organism?
water
What is the inorganic compound that plants obtain carbon from?
We obtain the carbon needed by our bodies when we eat plants and they get it from carbon dioxide
Plants take carbon dioxide and convert it to what type of macromolecule and what is the name of the process that allow this conversion?
complex organic compounds, process is photosynthesis
What are the two general structures formed when carbon combines to make organic compounds?
ring structures or straight/branched chains
What is a functional group?
unique clusters of atoms which determine the characteristics of a compound
What do the chemical names of most carbohydrates end with?
-ose
What are the names and structural formulas for the two functional groups named when we discussed carbohydrates and lipids?
carboxyl gives the molecule it bonds with a nonpolar bond and hydroxyl gives molecule its bonded with polar bond; O-H (Hydroxyl) C-O-O-H (carboxyl)
What is the chemical formula for the simplest group of carbohydrates?
C6H12O6
What are the three member of the simplest group of a carbohydrate?
- glucose
- fructose
- galactose
How are glucose and galactose different at the molecular level?
The’re isomers; the one hydroxyl group on carbon atom is different than the one on glucose
What would the resulting molecule be if any two molecules of the simplest carbohydrates joined together?
disaccharide
What additional molecule is produced by the formation of lactose?
water
What would the resulting molecule be called if three or more glucose molecules joined together?
polysaccharide
What do we call molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas?
isomers
What is the Chemical formula for maltose?
C12H22O11
Why are there not exactly twice the number of atoms in a maltose molecule as there are in two glucose molecules ?
dehydration synthesis; an H is taken from a stable glucose molecule then an OH group is taken from another stable glucose molecule making them unstable therefore they can bond then the H and OH that were removed bond to form water
What would be the molecular formula of the polymer created by joining of two maltose molecule by dehydration synthesis?
C24H42O21
Plants store glucose in the form of a polysaccharide known as what? and animals store glucose in the form of a polysaccharide known as what?
starch;glycogen
What would we call this reaction if the arrow were pointing the other direction? When and where would this reaction take place?
hydrolysis; occurs when a water molecule is added and it takes place when molecule is produced during dehydration synthesis
Why is cellulose necessary for proper digestion?
gives muscles of digestive system something to push against so they can contract and move food through the system
How does cellulose prevent colon cancer?
scrapes its way along digestive tract and removes some cells
How would you know that it’s a lipid and not a carbohydrate or protein?
doesn’t follow a 2H:1Oxygen ratio and doesn’t have a nitrogen
What is the chemical process by which lipids are digested into fatty acids?
hydrolysis
Why would the body require more water to digest a molecule of triglyceride than a molecule of a disaccharide?
a triglyceride during dehydration synthesis takes three OH group and three H from each fatty acid forming three water molecules needed three to break it down; disaccharide only takes one OH and H so it only form one water molecule meaning it only needs one to break it down
Why are lipids grouped together in the same category when placed in water?
they’re insoluble in water
What is a saturated fat?
one that contains all singly bonded carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain
What is an unsaturated fat?
contains one or more double bonded carbon in the hydrocarbon chain
What is a long chain of amino acids?
polypeptide
What chemical process joins amino acids together?
dehydration synthesis
What is the most abundant group of organic compounds in the human body?
proteins
What are the four major groups of proteins and their function?
structural proteins: act as the major “building blocks” of body tissue
enzymes: allow complex chemical reactions to take place within body
Hormones: chemical messengers that regulate body functions
antibodies: substances that protect against diseases
What is a monomer of a polysaccharide?
glucose
what is the monomer of a polypeptide?
amino acid
what is the monomer of a triglyceride?
glycerol and fatty acid
what is meant by the term “essential amino acid”? How Many are there
essential amino acids are the amino acids the body can’t produce so they must be obtained by the food we eat; 10 essential amino acids in kids and 8 in adults
What chemical process forms all three macromolecules?
dehydration synthesis
How does dehydration synthesis work?
An H is taken from a stable monomer, an OH group is taken from the other stable monomer, now they’re both unstable so they can bond, the OH and H that were taken now bond to form water molecule
What process breaks all three types of macromolecules into their monomers?
hydrolysis
How does hydrolysis work?
takes water molecule breaks down into an H and OH group. Then macromolecule is seperated into two unstable monomers. The H is added to the one monomer and the OH is added to the other monomer thus reestablishing their original stable monomers
