Study Guide 4 Flashcards
Why was the reign of Charles X in France so turbulent, and how did his reign end?
an attempted aristocratic restoration of power in France
ended by the Revolution of 1830 and Charles’ abdication
The July Monarchy in France
Who ruled the “July Monarchy”?
Louis Philippe
The July Monarchy in France
How did its leading official (a historian) describe this system, and what was his famous comment for those critics who complained that they were excluded from participation in the government?
Guilt: France has reached the perfection of government / “Let them get rich”
The July Monarchy in France
How did the government of King Louis Philippe and Guizot try to solve its image problem?
Tried to hook into the glamour of the growing Napoleonic legend that was sweeping France, in order to strengthen support for the current government; thus: the completion of the Arc de Triomphe begun by Napoleon; the transfer of Napoleon’s body from the island of St. Helena to a monumental sarcophagus in the Invalides in Paris.
The July Monarchy in France
Who was Napoleon II, and where did he spend most of his life? At what age did he die, and what was the cause of his death?
Son of Napoleon I and Marie Louise of Habsburg
He spent most of his life as a prisoner in Vienna / died at 21 in 1832 / tuberculosis
Who tok over the mantle of the Bonapartist faction after his death?
His uncle, Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
In several ways, French political society prefigured the great paralysis that would soon afflict European societies in the late 1800s and throughout the 1900s: for example, a fracturing into hostile political factions that could unify to OPPOSE the established government, but by their ideological nature could NOT form a new UNIFYING government. So, for example: into which mutually hostile factions were the opponents of the July Monarchy divided?
monarchists:
Orléanists – who supported Louis Philippe and his family (that is, the current dynasty in power)
vs.
Bonapartists – who wanted the return of the Bonaparte dynasty
vs. Legitimists – who wanted the return of the Bourbon family (the children of the deposed Charles X)
vs. liberals - the new liberals (who wanted to expand suffrage/voting rights) and the old liberals (who did not)
vs. Republicans who demanded the abolition of the monarchy – constitutional republicans, who wanted expansion of the capitalist economy; vs socialist republicans, who wanted the capitalist economy dismantled in favor of working class protections and rights.
EXTRA CREDIT: Be able to match the correct French writers and painters to the following descriptions:
wrote what are considered two of the greatest novels of the 19th century
Stendhal
EXTRA CREDIT: Be able to match the correct French writers and painters to the following descriptions:
wrote over 300 volumes, including stories such as The Count of Monte Cristo and The Three Musketeers
Alexander Dumas
EXTRA CREDIT: Be able to match the correct French writers and painters to the following descriptions:
Considered France’s greatest lyric poet, whose writings were set to music by composers such as Verdi and Donizetti
Victor Hugo
EXTRA CREDIT: Be able to match the correct French writers and painters to the following descriptions:
author of The Hunchback of Notre Dame and Les Miserables
Victor Hugo
EXTRA CREDIT: Be able to match the correct French writers and painters to the following descriptions:
Painted The Raft of the Medusa, based on a true story of men struggling to survive after a horrendous shipwreck
Theodore Gericault
EXTRA CREDIT: Be able to match the correct French writers and painters to the following descriptions:
The foremost Romantic painter in France, who, as a child was drowned, burned, choked, and yet, incredibly, still survived; possibly the illegitimate son of Talleyrand
Delacroix
EXTRA CREDIT: Be able to match the correct French writers and painters to the following descriptions:
French painter who illustrated Goethe’s Faust and painted the famous Death of Sardanapalus which shocked and electrified viewers with its graphic brutality
Delacroix
EXTRA CREDIT: Be able to match the correct French writers and painters to the following descriptions:
French Neo-classical painter whose early career included famous portraits of Napoleon
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres
EXTRA CREDIT: Be able to match the correct French writers and painters to the following descriptions:
painter who was famous for his virtuosity on the violin
Ingres
EXTRA CREDIT: Be able to match the correct French writers and painters to the following descriptions:
the most famous caricaturist
Honoré Daumier
Be able to match the correct composers and musicians to the following descriptions:
a. was known by the nickname “Monsieur Crescendo”
Gioachhino Rossini
Be able to match the correct composers and musicians to the following descriptions:
b. inexplicably went into retirement at the height of his success, after the production of hits famous William Tell, and spent the rest of this life hosting dinner parties
Gioacchino Rossini
Be able to match the correct composers and musicians to the following descriptions:
German composer from Berlin, who promoted the works of the young Richard Wagner, moved to Paris where his operas became the standard for French grand opera: sweeping in scale and lavishly produced
Meyerbeer
Be able to match the correct composers and musicians to the following descriptions:
wrote Robert Le Diable (Robert the Devil) and Les Huguenots
Giacomo Meyerbeer
Be able to match the correct composers and musicians to the following descriptions:
Believed himself to be the successor of Beethoven, wrote a 5-movement symphony about a young man delirious with love and drugs (hence the name of that symphony); he also wrote what he considered the greatest opera of all time (what is the name of that opera)
Hector Berlioz / Symphonie Fantastique / Les Troyens
Be able to match the correct composers and musicians to the following descriptions:
was a Polish virtuoso pianist who settled in Paris and traded mistresses with Franz Liszt
Frederic Chopin
Be able to match the correct composers and musicians to the following descriptions:
had famous hair
Hector Berlioz
Be able to match the correct composers and musicians to the following descriptions:
was called by Rossini “our little Mozart of the Champs-Elysées “ and wrote over 100 works for his musical theatre
Jacques Offenbach
Great Britain: What was the Reform Bill of 1832 and what made it typical of English political development? Who ascended the throne of England 5 years later (1837), and how long did this monarch rule England?
a major reform to the parliamentary system, and a significant expansion of suffrage
the ability of the English political system to adapt and change: “reform rather than revolution”
Victoria (reigned 1837 - 1901)
What does “Laissez-faire” mean? This concept was a centerpiece for which ideology?
“Leave it alone to make”, that is: no government interference into the economy and business, because the markets and mutual self-interest regulate themselves/liberalism, centered in the middle classes
EXTRA CREDIT: Be able to match the correct poets to the following descriptions:
writer of the famous and horrifying Frankenstein
Mary Shelley
EXTRA CREDIT: Be able to match the correct poets to the following descriptions:
English poet and Christian mystic, who illustrated his own writings, such as the famous painting The Ancient of Days
William Blake
EXTRA CREDIT: Be able to match the correct poets to the following descriptions:
English writer of historical melodramas, including The Bride of Lammermoor, later set to music by Gaetano Donizetti
Sir Walter Scott
EXTRA CREDIT: Be able to match the correct poets to the following descriptions:
Although (or perhaps because) he was addicted to opium, he wrote the famous The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
EXTRA CREDIT: Be able to match the correct poets to the following descriptions:
Three impoverished sisters and their most famous writings
Emily Brontë, Wuthering Heights
Charlotte Brontë, Jane Eyre
Anne Brontë, Tenant of Wildfell Hall
EXTRA CREDIT: Be able to match the correct poets to the following descriptions:
English author who wrote biographies of Schiller and Frederick the Great, translated Goethe, and upheld a belief in the value and necessity of heroes.
Thomas Carlyle
EXTRA CREDIT: Be able to match the correct poets to the following descriptions:
George Sand and Daniel Stern: who actually were these writers?
French women using male names in order to more easily publish their works
What was established in February 1848 in Paris after the King Louis Philippe fled? What were the “June Days”? Who won the election for President in December 1848?
The Second Republic
A powerful worker uprising in Paris (June 1848), which resulted in perhaps the bloodiest street fighting in 19th century Europe/ put down by Gen. Cavaignac/over 10,000 are killed, over 10,000 others are deported
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (nephew of Napoleon I) is elected President
What was the Frankfurt Parliament?
a “pre-Pmt” elected in 1848 to create a liberal nationalist German nation-state
Why did its delegates believe they would not need armies to create a new German nation-state?
idealism: they believed in the power of ideas to persuade, and they believed in the unassailable validity of their principles
What major problems did the Frankfurt Parliament need to overcome?
to resolve the problem: “what is German?” and to determine borders for “Germany”
what to do about other ethnic groups in German lands, and their desire for their own nation-states (such as the Czechs and Hungarians)
a German nation state implied the elimination of all existent (and well-established) German states and dynasties which enjoyed wide popular support and which were unwilling to abolish themselves for the benefit of a German “nation-state”
What happened to the Austrian Empire during the 1848 revolutions, and what happened to the Emperor and to Metternich? Who assisted in bringing stability back to this empire? What new Emperor came to the throne at this time in Austria and until when did he reign?
uprisings in Vienna and Hungary/ the Emperor abdicates, Metternich “travels” to England
Russia invades Hungary for the benefit of the Habsburg monarchy and to restore Austrian control over Hungary
Franz Josef I/rules 1848 - 1916 / Metternich returns and functions as advisor to the new Emperor Franz Joseph
Why did the Frankfurt Parliament collapse?
Austria refused to join / Prussian King Frederick William IV refused to become Emperor of a German nation-state / the Prussian army overran Frankfurt and dispersed the Parliament by force
Why did all the revolutions fail in Central Europe?
the militaries remained loyal to the monarchies and crushed the rebellions
German nationalism is thwarted by Prussian and Bavarian nationalisms
To whom did the disillusioned revolutionary middle classes now turn to fulfill their goals?
the princes — a new age of Realpolitik
What was the reason for “the new Realism” after 1849, and what were some of the characteristics of this new Realism? How did it manifest itself in art? What does Realpolitik mean? Which leaders embodied this concept?
-idealism is discredited after the spectacular failures of 1848
to accept the realities of power and work with the powerful to attain your goals
in art: realism — portray things as they really are
Louis Napoleon / Prince Cavour in Italy / Otto von Bismarck in Prussia
Who was the new dictator who arose in France after 1848, and how did he destroy the power of liberals over the government in France?
Louis Napoleon, Présidence of the Second Republic, overthrows the Republic in 1852/ has himself elected Emperor thru a plebiscite to become Napoleon III and to establish the SECOND EMPIRE (the first Empire being that of Napoleon I)
He senses the broad conservatism of the French and therefore establishes universal manhood suffrage to flood the liberals out of power
The imperial monarchy of Napoleon III is considered today to be the “first modern dictatorship”. What were some of the characteristics of Napoleon III’s government, and WHY is it considered to be the “first modern dictatorship”?
Creates the most glamorous, spectacular court in Europe, which awes the popular imagination
Skillful manipulation of the political process
He represented himself as the unity of society
skillful manipulation of the media and popular press and public opinion
fosters industrialization, labor unions, the economy and investment, an upgrading of the military — that is, he gives to all elements of society that which they desired most
To whom was Napoleon III married, and how did he use this marriage? How long did she live
a Spanish countess, Eugenie / presented as deeply in love to foster a highly popular celebrity culture / she died in 1920
What did Napoleon III do to change the face of Paris, and why did he do this? Who was the famous architect-engineer who assisted him in this massive transformation of the French capital?
great boulevards built, destroying much of medieval Paris, to create new elegance and great sight lines/ true purpose: allow swift movement of armies and troops to crush riots and rebellions
assisted by Baron Georges Haussmann, one of the great 19th Century urban planners
What famous German-French-Jewish composer dominated Paris at this time, and what are some of his most famous works?
Jacques Offenbach/ The Tales of Hoffmann/based on the stories of the German Romantic writer, E.T.A. Hoffmann / Tales of Hoffmann
How did Napoleon III hope to dominate Europe?
by fostering nationalism in Central Europe, and thereby encouraging uprisings and the over-throw of existing governments to re-arrange the map of Europe
France thereby becomes once again the major destabilizing power in Europe
What was the Concert of Europe, and how did the Crimean War end it In general, what was the effect of this war upon the Great Powers and Europe?
Great Powers work together in crises/ no arrangements will be made without consultation/ no Great Power will be humiliated
The Crimean War is engineered by Napoleon III / 3 Great Powers (F, A, GB) fight against Russia
Great Powers no longer work together/allows for re-arrangement of European borders = the creation of the Kingdom of Italy (1855 - 1861) and the German Empire (1862 - 1871) and the beginning of Germany’s domination of Europe
