Study Guide Flashcards
What is culture?
Is the share beliefs, traditions, and values of a group of people that are used to define their social identity.
What is Race?
s a classification that distinguishes groups of people from one another based on physical characteristics such as skin color. It is a statement about a person’s biological attributes.
What is Ethnicity?
is the social definition of groups of people based on shared ancestry and culture. Ethnicity includes race and also factors such as customs, nationality, language, and heritage.
What is Ethnocentrism?
is the view that members of one’s own culture do things that right way. All other ways of doing something are unnatural, inferior, maybe even barbaric.
What is Cultural Relativism?
hold the attitude that other ways of doing things are different yet equally valid; the goal is to understand other people’s behavior in its cultural context.
What does IDEA (2004) stand for?
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004
What does IDEA 2004 specifically state I regards to the assessment of ELL students?
Mandates that assessment should be administered in that child’s native language, or mode of communication unless it is clearly not feasible
Testing procedures and materials must not be discriminatory
Assessment instruments must measure a student’s ability in the area tested, not English proficiency
It is critical to know what is normal in L1 for each student—difference vs. disorder
You have been asked to give a workshop to teachers in a school district where students have primarily been White monolingual English speakers. Suddenly, this district is having a great influx of ELL students. What will you tell the teachers, in this workshop, about how they can increase their cultural competence? (Please know Table 1.1 for the exam)
- Team up with persons from the local cultural community who can act as mediators
- Read as much as possible about the family’s culture and language.
- Visit students’ homes
- Evaluate your own assumptions and values.
- Consider the student’s needs in the larger context of the family and community.
- Consider the value system of the family when setting goals.
- Be aware that both verbal; and nonverbal communication can affect a family’s attitudes toward the school and the professionals working with the student.
- Talk with individuals from a variety of cultural backgrounds.
- Ask students to share important aspects of their culture with you and other students.
- Learn some basic communication skills (i.e. vocabulary, simple phrases) in the students language
- Be aware that students from different cultural backgrounds may begin school with different cultural assumptions about human relations and about the world.
- Learn to pronounce and use students’ actual names rather than just “Americanized” versions of these names.
What are some cultural variables that influence the behavior of immigrants/refugees?
- Educational level
- Country of birth
- Length of residence
- Language(s) spoken
- Urban vs. rural background
- Gender
- Age
- Socioeconomic status
- Religious beliefs and their impact
- Peers, neighborhood
- Generational membership
Describe Locke’s 4 levels of acculturation that we should be aware of as we work with refugee/immigrant families…
- Traditional: Individuals do not adapt to the new culture and continue to adhere solely to the practices and values to their culture of origin
- Marginal: Individuals adapt minimally to the new culture
- Acculturated: Individuals adapt to the new culture but lost come parameters of their culture of origin
- Bicultural: Individuals retain strong ties with their culture of origin while successfully adapting to the new culture
In 2011,What were the top 5 countries (in order) that immigrants arrived from were…
1) Mexico
2) China
3) India
4) Philippines
5) Dominican Republic.
What are some potential family problems immigrants/refugees may have here in the U.S.?
- Family Tensions
- Poverty
- Adjustments to US schools
- Loneliness/missing friends back home
- Discrimination
- American’s busy and fast-paced lifestyle
What difficulties might have some immigrants and refugees experienced?
- Families may be from refugee camps where “basics” weren’t available
From the book:
- Many refugee children have spent years in camps and have had little to no school experience
- Many refugee/immigrants have been separated from their families due, in part, to situations in which some family members come to the US while others remain in their homelands
How might we be supportive of immigrant and refugee families?
Double check these: couldn’t find them in the ppt
From the book..
- help families understand the profession of speech-language pathology and audiology and the services offered by SLPS.
- ensure that parents understand US laws regarding what exactly constitutes child abuse. Parents also need to understand that children may be removed from their custody for behaviors that are considered to be child abuse.
Describe basic beliefs and characteristics of Islam
- Their god is Allah
- Mohammed is the prophet and founder of Islam
- Koran—sacred book
- Father-authority figure
- May be arranged marriage
Describe basic beliefs and characteristics of Buddhism
- Buddha-Indian prince
- Reincarnation—repeated cycle of being born into the world till Nirvana is achieved
- Karma—you get what you give out (even from a previous life)
Describe basic beliefs and characteristics of Confucianism
- Has approximately 6 million followers worldwide, primarily in China and throughout various Asian countries
- Has been influential in Japanese, Chinese, and Vietnamese cultures
- “God” and “Heaven” are synonymous and imply a supreme spiritual state or being.
- Goal: Full realization of the present life of human potential for virtue and wisdom.
- Hierarchy is natural
- Education is extremely important; school is considered to be of utmost importance, and formal education is highly valued.
After Christianity, what is the 2nd largest religion in the world?
Islam
What should the Islamic women’s clothes do?
Cover the whole head and body except the face and hands
Not “attract a man’s attention to a woman’s beauty”
Be thick enough to conceal the color of the skin
Loose enough to conceal the woman’s body
Not resemble men’s clothing
When we recommend intervention/therapy for children with communication disorders, what might we need to remember about the influence of their families’ religious beliefs in terms of accepting our recommendations?
NOT SURE ABOUT THIS ONE
Be careful with eye contact, physical contact with male clients or fathers of children
Dress conservatively
Family may believe that intervention is inappropriate (will of Allah)
May not want home-based services because home is a private place
- A family’s belief that disability is from God may conflict with the goals of Sp. Ed.
- Some families may see a disabled child as a gift from God.
- Many Buddhist or Muslim families prefer that professionals not work with family members of the opposite sex
According to lecture, who is the “oldest” in terms of a median age of 42 years old?
White people
According to lecture, who is the “youngest” in terms of a median age of 28 years old?
Hispanics
Who is the best off money-wise? & who is the worst?
- Asians are the best off (12% were poor)
- African Americans are the worst off (39% were poor)
What are some characteristics of “mainstream” Anglo European Americans in terms of family life?
Nuclear households—separate ages
Children and elderly cared for by outsiders—OK
Mother responsible for everything (not extended family, neighborhood)
What are some characteristics of “mainstream” Anglo European Americans in terms of education & literacy?
- Ed. in the US is compulsory for students 5 - 16
- Americans view education as a major determinant of professional and social opportunity
- In American schools, children have more freedom
- Many children are expected to attend college
- Parent participation is expected and highly valued in most educational systems.
- The # of White children in the US schools has decreased. From fall 2000 to fall 2010 the # of White student enrolled in Pre-K —12th grade = 28.9mil to 25.9mil (decrease of 61% to 52%)
What are typical customs and beliefs of Anglo-Europeans, especially those that might cause misunderstandings between mainstream professionals and families
- Materialism, more money and possessions = success
- “Dress for success” ideal; wide range of accepted dress
- Eating is a necessity, often done as quickly as possible
- Focus on nuclear family; child-oriented; youth respected & valued; status diminishes w/old age
- Individualism, privacy, “looking out for #1”
- Competition
- Personal control over circumstances; self-help; internal locus of control; “God helps those who help themselves”
- Work/goal/action orientation; rewards based on individual achievement; work has intrinsic value
- Efficiency, speed, punctuality; clock dominates “the early bird gets the worm”
- Change highly valued “That’s so 5min ago”
- Future oriented
- Directedness, honesty, openness; words carry bulk of meaning; conflict dealt with by confrontation
- Informality
- Human equality, status and power ideally independent on one’s personal qualities
Describe typical mainstream communication characteristics, especially those that might cause misunderstandings between mainstream professionals and diverse families.
- Americans generally consider it important to make direct eye contact and to maintain an open yet assertive physical stance
- Americans believe that directness and assertiveness are critical in interactions with other people
- American children are generally encouraged ti express their opinions, thoughts, needs and wishes freely.
What are some stereotypes that other cultures hold about mainstream Americans?
FROM BOOK:
Have freedom to do whatever we want
Talkative and friendly
Honest & frank
Loud & shout a lot
Rich
Materialistic and only think about money
Don’t frown upon premarital sex & are highly immoral
Eat hotdogs and wear cowboy boots
Very aggressive
Want to control the world
Don’t value our families
When Americans travel to other countries they drink a lot of alcohol
Rude
Can’t enjoy the present
Summarize the results of research studies about best practices we should use when providing assessment and treatment for Spanish-speaking students with language impairment.
Good tests for LI:
1. Language Samples
- Spanish Ages & Stages Questionnaire
- Measures of grammaticality (Especially difficulty with Spanish articles and other structures linked to the verb system)
During assessment remember Hispanic children often provide functions of objects, not the names
In 2011, for young adults with Master’s degrees, who earned the most per year, and who earned the least per year?
Asians - $73,000/yr
AAs - $50,000/yr
What was the study done by Craig, Zhang, Hensel, & Quinn 2009, “African American English=Speaking Students: An Examination of the Relationship between Dialect shielding and reading outcomes.” about?
- Examined skills of 165 TD AA children in grades 1-5
- AAE speaking students who learned to use MAW in literacy tasks did better than those who did not make the adaptation
What is this study about…. Ivy, L.J., & Materson, J.J (2011) “A comparison of oral and written Egnlish styles in AA students at different stages of writing development”
- Studied the use of oral and written AAE in 3 & 8 graders
- Question: Did kids use AAE less as they got older?
- Findings…
- Use of AAE in 3rd graders was comparable for oral and written language
- However, 8th graders used more AAE in oral language and less in written language.
- Ch who speak AAW eventually learn to switch to MAE in their writing
What was the research ASHA 2011 —> Johnson et al. “Impact of Dialect use on student writing” about….
- Studied 141 2nd- 4th graders at two Title One schools in N.E Florida
- 95% of the ch were eligible for free/reduced lunches (welfare)
- They got written language smiles from these students
- Findings…
- The more the students use AAW, the poorer their editing skills on a writing task
- Interventions that implement bidialectical education may be useful in helping AAE users switch to MAE in academic settings.
Recent research that is discussed in our book concludes…what?
- Discrepancy between spoken AAE and oral and written MAE may contribute to the literacy achievement gap between AA and mainstream children
- However, AA children who are goos at code switching have better literacy skills
T/F: For AA this is a difference?
“That the woman car.”
True
Omission of noun possessive
T/F: For AA this is a disorder?
“He got 2 box of apple”
False
Omission of noun plural
T/F: For AA this is a disorder?
“She walk to school.”
False
Omission of third person singular present tense marker
T/F: For AA this is a disorder?
“She a nice lady.”
False
Omission of “to be” forms such as “is,are”
T/F: For AA this is a difference?
“The is having fun.”
True
Present tense “is” may be used regardless of person/number
T/F: For AA this is a disorder?
“You is playing ball.”
False
Utterances with “to be” may not show person number agreement with past and present forms
