2/6 & 2/11-African American English & Culture

Question 1

What kind of immigrants have African Americans been described as being?

Answer 1

“involuntary immigrants” to the U.S

Question 2

Have things gotten better in terms of discrimination w/ African Americans?

Answer 2

-Though times have improved, many African Americans still experience discrimination

Question 3

What happened with Dr. Roseberry’s former student, Sharee McCoy?

Answer 3

• educated family in Elk Grove, She was called a N–

- N—was written in chalk in front of her house

Question 4

What happened to Mark’s friend Jack?

Answer 4

(1/4 African American, 3/4 White) Harassed and bullied in junior high for being a N—-.

Question 5

What did people tell Zenzele Shakir to do when she was in the military?

Answer 5

• When she was in the military, other African Americans told her to be “less threatening” and to “do what the White people tell you to do”
• In the south, there are certain places that Blacks just don’t go

Question 6

What kind of work & family ethic do AA have?

Answer 6

African Americans have a strong work and family ethic

Question 7

What kind of gap is there between African Americans and Ethnic groups?

Answer 7

an educational and income gap

Question 8

What continues to be an issue for many AA children?

Answer 8

poverty

Question 9

Who is the fastest-growing group of incarcerated young people in the U.S., why?

Answer 9

• African American girls and young women

- b/c of crimes like stealing food and milk for their children

Question 10

How does religion play a role in African American people’s lives?

Answer 10

• They are deeply religious
• the church plays a major role in their lives
• of all ethnic backgrounds, African Americans are most likely to report a religious affiliation
• many hours a week may be spent at church, including all day Sunday

Question 11

When we work with elderly African Americans who may it be especially helpful to work with?

Answer 11

a pastor, church members, friends from Bible study, etc..

Question 12

Do African American families value education & literacy?

Answer 12

yes, it is important to them that their children work hard and do well in school. College may be another story

Question 13

What did Latasha, N experience when graduating from our program with her B.S?

Answer 13

-friends would not attend graduation, family didn’t understand importance

Question 14

What ethnic background are most teachers, how may this be a problem?

Answer 14

• most teachers are white women
• there may be some cultural differences between them and African American children; especially males (not using the “tone”)

Question 15

What did Lautrell S., a recent student, say about working in the Oakland schools?

Answer 15

• one year they had a white teacher who didn’t use “the tone”
• the students had no respect for her

Question 16

What did Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce, 2012, say about people with Bachelor’s degrees?

Answer 16

• People with a Bachelor’s degree make 84% more $$ over a lifetime than high school graduates
• Translation: College graduates make $2.3 million over a lifetime; high school graduate makes $1.3 million

Question 17

What do statistics show about high school graduation rates, and payment in terms of AA people compared to Asians?

Answer 17

• THe high school graduation rate for African Americans has increased in the last few years
• In 2011, Asians made $73,000 a year, African Americans earned $50,000 a year, (national Center for Education Statistics, 2013)

Question 18

How can we address educational discrepancies which affect African American Children?

Answer 18

-One way to do this is to provide early intervention (e.g., Head Start, good preschool programs)

Question 19

If AA students use AAE, what issues may they experience when they go to school?

Answer 19

-there may be issues with reading, writing, and spelling in mainstream English

Question 20

What impact must we be aware of?

Answer 20

-The impact of use of AAE in mainstream schools where mainstream American English is the language spoken

Question 21

In terms of worldwide dialects what dialect may be used in social/home settings compared to in schools/professional in the Philippines?

Answer 21

-Odionganon–Tagalog

Question 22

In terms of worldwide dialects what dialect may be used in social/home settings compared to in schools/professional in Germany?

Answer 22

-Schweitzer Deutsch–Hoch Deutsch

Question 23

In terms of worldwide dialects what dialect may be used in social/home settings compared to in schools/professional in Arab Nations?

Answer 23

-Colloquial Arabic–Standard Classical Arabic (Koran)

Question 24

In terms of worldwide dialects what dialect may be used in social/home settings compared to in schools/professional in China?

Answer 24

Taishanese–Mandarin

Question 25

In terms of worldwide dialects what dialect may be used in social/home settings compared to in schools/professional in the U.S.?

Answer 25

AAE--Mainstream American English

Question 26

What did Craig, Zhang, Hensel, & Quinn study and find in terms of AAE and school performance?

Answer 26

- African American English speaking students: an examination of the relationship between dialect shifting and reading outcomes - examined skills of 165 typically developing African American Children in grades 1-5 - AAE speaking students who learned to use MAE in literacy tasks did better than those who did not make this adaptation

Question 27

What are some questions authors asked about working with students w/ AAE and don't adjust to MAE?

Answer 27

- For AAE-Speaking students who do not automatically "pick up" on MAE, do we teach it explicitly? (no!We can't b/c WE don't treat differences!) - Is this culturally sensitive and appropriate? - Would it help them perform better in school?

Question 28

What did Ivy, L.J., & Masterson (2011) find when they compared oral and written English styles in African American students at different stages of writing development, language, speech, and hearing services in schools?

Answer 28

-Studied the use of oral and written AAE in 3rd & 8th graders - Question: Did kids use AAE less as they got older? * Use of AAE was comparable for oral and written language in 3rd graders * However, 8th graders use more AAE in oral language and less in written language * Children who speak AAE eventually learn to switch to MAE in their writing

Question 29

Who did ASHA 2011, Johnson et.al., "impact of Dialect use on Student Writing" study?

Answer 29

- They studied 141 2nd-4th graders at two Title 1 elementary schools in Northeast Florida - 95% of the children were eligible for free/reduced lunch (welfare) - They got written language samples from these students

Question 30

What did ASHA 2011, Johnson et.al., find in terms of AAE & writing?

Answer 30

- the more the students used AAE, the poorer their editing skills on a writing task - interventions that implement bidialectal education (explicit instructions in non-AAE grammatical features) may be useful in helping AAE-user switch to MAE in academic settings

Question 31

What does recent research (discussed in the book) conclude about AAE and oral/written MAE?

Answer 31

-discrepancy between spoken AAE and Oral and written MAE may contribute to the literacy achievement gap between African American and mainstream children

Question 32

If African American children are good at codeswitching between AAE & MAE, what are the results?

Answer 32

they have better literacy skills

Question 33

****KNOW THE TABLES PGS. 77-80******

Answer 33

******

Question 34

In terms of health, what is a major problem for many African Americans, what are they lacking?

Answer 34

Health insurance

Question 35

What is more likely to occur with African American babies compared to babies from other races?

Answer 35

to be premature and to die from nutritional deficiency

Question 36

What may be a challenge for older adult African Americans who have neurological disorders?

Answer 36

may have difficulty getting therapy

Question 37

What are low-SES African American children are susceptible to?

Answer 37

- lead poisoning | - Asthma

Question 38

If African American children are diagnosed with disabilities, what may they experience?

Answer 38

- Many AA families are accepting | - they tend to have intergenerational support as well as strong religious beliefs

Question 39

T/F Extended family members are not important in African American Culture

Answer 39

False They are Very important

Question 40

Although many AA homes are headed by single women, what may they receive?

Answer 40

they receive intergenerational support. Grandmas are often very involved in child raising

Question 41

What are child raising styles like?

Answer 41

-Child raising styles in African American families tend to be more authoritative than in other groups; many employ more use of corporal punishment

Question 42

What was Lautrell S.'s (former student) experience in terms of punishment?

Answer 42

- lots of physical punishment-belt-last spanking @ age 13 | - for punishment when Lautrell was 16, her mom took her bedroom door off its hinges

Question 43

When was Lautrell's brother born?

Answer 43

when her mom was 15, @ 42 yrs old she is a grandma

Question 44

What did Lautrell's friends say about her speech? and what does she have to do as a result?

Answer 44

"how dare you speak white?!?" She has to codeswitch

Question 45

What is the communication of African Americans?

Answer 45

- traditional turn taking during interaction may not be observed; interrupting is acceptable and expected - confrontation and honesty are typical - may not be congruent with traditional professionals

Question 46

What is the use of AAE impacted by?

Answer 46

SES Education Geographic Location and others

Question 47

Is AAE a substandard form of English?

Answer 47

no, it is NOT a substandard form of Mainstream American English it is rule governed and predictable

Question 48

Why must we be extremely careful when we assess the articulation and language skills of AAE speaking students?

Answer 48

because many tests are biased

Question 49

What are encouraged instead of formal assessments for children who speak AAE?

Answer 49

Language samples are encouraged; picture description can be especially effective

Question 50

What are African American boys over diagnosed with, why?

Answer 50

ADHD they tend to be quite physically active

Question 51

*****KNOW PGS. 77-80!!!!! *******

Answer 51

****

Question 52

How should we, as professionals, address family members?

Answer 52

Address family members formally--use titles. Pronounce names correctly

Question 53

As professionals, what should we do for low-SES parents in terms of reading?

Answer 53

for low-SES parents especially, encourage them to read books with children in a positive interactive style

Question 54

As professionals, what should we incorporate into therapy for African American children (particularly boys)?

Answer 54

Movement

Question 55

What must we help students learn the difference between?

Answer 55

home talk and school talk this is important for pragmatics, morphology, syntax

Question 56

May we enroll students in therapy for AAE?

Answer 56

NO! it is a difference! however, if they are in for a disorder, Dr. R sneaks it in by modeling -some experts "elective intervention"

Question 57

What did the Youtube video with Dr. Normal LeMoine show?

Answer 57

African American Children being taught contrastive analysis between AAE & MAE Notice that it is nonjudgmental & fun :)

Question 58

Who were the subjects in Lovelace & Stewart 2009 study on Effects of robust vocabulary instruction and multicultural text on the development of word knowledge, among African American Children?

Answer 58

The subjects were 2nd grade African American children who had below average vocabulary skills

Question 59

What did Lovelace & stewart use to contextualize new words?

Answer 59

They used storybooks to contextualize new words that the subjects were learning

Question 60

What were the procedures for teaching new words in a "robust" way in the Lovelace & stewart study?

Answer 60

- the book was read - when each word came up, the SLP turned to the page int eh book and read the sentence containing the word - SLP defined the word in understandable terms - children were asked to repeat the word aloud - Several activities where children discussed words, created sentences, etc.

Question 61

What did the Lovelace & Stewart 2009 study find?

Answer 61

- children who learned words "deeply" through this method remembered them better than words they were just exposed to 1-2x - Use of an African American book was not a major influence in retention of vocabulary words

Question 62

What did Lovelace & Stewart 2009 suggest that SLPs can do?

Answer 62

-use school curriculum materials in treatment to help children with low vocabularies

Question 63

what did lovelace & stewart 2009 say the key was to learn new vocabulary words?

Answer 63

multiple exposures to words contextualizing words in stories, having children repeat words aloud, and having a variety of activities to reinforce the words

Question 64

When & where did Larry P. vs Riles occur? Who filed the claim, what was the claim?

Answer 64

- 1971 - African American Parents in San Francisco filed in federal court - they claimed that their children were wrongly placed in the EMR (educable mentally retarded) class

Question 65

What did the parents claim in the Larry P. vs. Riles case?

Answer 65

- IQ tests were culturally biased and discriminatory - African American students were disproportionately represented in EMR classes - African American =28.5% in general ed; 66% in EMR

Question 66

What did Judge Robert Peckham in the Larry P. vs. Riles case determine?

Answer 66

-SFUSD prohibited from using IQ tests (or other substantial equivalent) to place AA students in EMR classes

Question 67

When was the Larry P. vs. Riles case upheld and what did they expand?

Answer 67

- Decision upheld in 1984 - in 1984, the court expanded the ruling for all CA by banning use of IQ testing for all AA students fro any special ed. purposes

Question 68

What are the implications for SLPs due to the Larry P. vs Riles case?

Answer 68

-we can't use SLP tests if they directly or indirectly profess to measure IQ

Question 69

What did the CA Department of Education determine to use in lieu of IQ tests for African American students?

Answer 69

-districts should use alternative means of assessment--language samples, etc.

Question 70

What tests did the CA diagnostics center 2010 say were possibly OK to use?

Answer 70

- CELF4 (clinical evaluation of language fundamentals) - DELV (Diagnostic Evaluation of Language Variation) - PLS-4 (Preschool language scale-4) - CASL (comprehensive test of spoken language)