study guide Flashcards
____________ - how to measure health at population level
- tool to quantify health loss form hundreds of diseases, injuries, and risk factors
- health systems can be improved and disparities be eliminated
- incorporates prevalence of given disease/risk factor and relative harm it causes
- allows comparison of effects of different diseases (ex: malaria vs cancer) and then use that information to prioritize prevention, research, and funding
global burden of disease (GBD)
__________ Poisoning
s/s
- h/a
- dizzy
- seizure
- SOA
- Vomit
- Chest pain
Carbon Monoxide
START
S______
T_____
And
R______
T______
- Easy to use
- Focus is on s/s
- Fast
4 focus areas of START
- Ability to follow direction and walk
- Respiratory effort
- Pulse/perfusion
- Mental status
Simple
Triage
And
Rapid
Treatment
Consider interventions to address exposures to identified environmental health hazards.
Hazard control strategies
- At the source (ex: quranatine)
- Along the path (ex: social distancing)
- At the level of the person (ex: PPE)
- Secondary prevention (ex: COVID testing)
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Declaration of alma-ata USSR 1978
The shift entrails transforming primary health care in 3 ways
- Address inequities
- Equity oriented primary health care
- Realign policies to support equity and community
Process
- Begin at house hold level
- Serve 50 square block community radius
- Central hub to coordinate care of that population
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Modifiable environmental risk factors in health include
- air pollution,
- water contamination,
- toxic substances,
- occupational hazards
- unhealthy housing conditions
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strategies to combat medical mistrust, as it relates to communicable diseases.
- Show authentic representation
- Vaccine messaging should acknowledge systemic racism as a justifiable reason for mistrust before providing vaccine education
- Engage trusted community leaders in public health campaigns
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roles within the NIMS
Level ___ role (1)
Incident commander
- Responsible for creating a unified command between responding agencies
- Evaluates incident
- Creates/oversees plan of action
- Determines needs
Benefits
- Common language and clear communication
- Point of command limits duplication
- Final operational control
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roles within the NIMS
Level ___ roles (3)
Safety officer
- Responsible for monitoring hazards for daily operations
- Enforcing safety plans for scene operations
- Helps develop emergency response plans if further incidents ensue
Public information officer
- Responsible for communicating info to public
- Facts and viewpoints of responding agency
- Speaks to response efforts/operations
- Death disclosure
Liaison officer
- Relays info between incident commander, general staff, and other agencies
- Group of officers that report to chief officer
- Assist in communication between departments and field response efforts
2
________ = something that can potentially cause harm (no harm unless exposure occurs).
Ex: sharks
______ = hazard + exposure
Ex: sharks + being in the ocean
Hazard
Risk
___________ - Standard approach to incident management and response in the US
- Established by dept of homeland security
- Result of 9/11
Incidents when used include:
- natural disasters
- terrorism
- failing infrastructure
- transportation incidents
Benefits of NIMS
- Standardized and organized process
- National standard for training
- Personnel qualification standards
- Interoperable communication
- Information management systems with commonly accepted architecture
- Supporting technologies and infrastructure
National incident management system (NIMS)
4 phases of disaster management: prevent, prepare, respond, recover
________
- Identify potential hazards
- Vulnerabilities
- Strengthen capacity – resources, organization, resilence
Prevent
Endemic
pandemic
epidemic
Scope:
_______: Localized, consistent presence.
_______: Regional, sudden increase.
_______: Global, widespread.
Rate of Spread:
________: Stable, predictable.
________: Rapid increase.
________: Rapid, global spread.
Scope:
Endemic: Localized, consistent presence.
Epidemic: Regional, sudden increase.
Pandemic: Global, widespread.
Rate of Spread:
Endemic: Stable, predictable.
Epidemic: Rapid increase.
Pandemic: Rapid, global spread.
_________ Measure of overall disease burden
- Expressed as the cumulative number of years lost due to ill-health, disability or early death
- 1 DALY = loss of 1 year in good health from either premature death, disease, or disability
- Mortality doesn’t give a complete picture of burden of disease
- takes into account morbidity – suffering that may occur for people living with disease or disability
DALY
practice question:
Years of Life Lost due to premature death = 50,000 per 100,000 population
Years Lost due to Disability= 30,000 per 100,000 population
Years of Life Lost (YLL) = 50,000 per 100,000 population
Years Lost due to Disability (YLD) = 30,000 per 100,000 population
DALY = YLL + YLD = 50,000 + 30,000 = 80,000 per 100,000 population.
modes of transmission: direct vs indirect?
_________ – immediate transfer of agent from one human to another, distance is 3 feet or less
_________ – transfer of agent from one human to another, distance is more than 3 feet
___________
- Vehicle borne
o Animate objects – poor hand washing
o Inanimate objects – shared equipment/toys
o Food/liquid – food borne illness
_________
- Contact transmission – direct transfer with very close contact (STIs, athletes foot)
_________
- Vector borne
o Usually arthropods/invertebrates
o Mosquitos with west nile virus
_________
- Droplet transmission – expelled large droplets from one person and picked up by another (flu, RSV, diptheria)
____________
- Airborne
o Expelled through small droplets – cough, sneeze, singing
o TB, COVID, chicken pox, cold
Direct
Indirect
indirect
direct
indirect
direct
indirect
4 phases of disaster management: prevent, prepare, respond, recover
_______
- Timely warnings
- Protective factors
- Emergency management activities
- Evacuating populations pre-disaster
Prepare
Epidemic
Pandemics
Endemic
___________ - When a disease growth is exponential
- Focus is on how far it reaches (not severity)
- Spreads to international boundaries
- Unpredictable
- Ex: Zika virus cases spreading to multiple continents.
_________ – occurrence of disease in a community/region in excess of normal expectancy
- Ex: Measles outbreak in a small town, Chlamydia outbreak at a university.
__________ – constant presence of a disease with a geographic area/population
- Provides baseline for establishing a public health problem
- Ex: The consistent number of malaria cases in the continent of Africa.
pandemic
epidemic
endemic
5 S of strengthening health systems
- Staff – well trained, qualified, quantity
- Stuff – tools, resources
- Space – safe, appropriate, capacity
- Systems – leadership, government, information, financing
- Social support – provide basic necessities needed to ensure effective care
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Methods of surveillance/assessing exposures
- Toxicology studies - examine the harmful effects of chemical exposures, often using animal models to estimate human health impacts.
- Epidemiologic studies - analyze patterns and causes of diseases in populations to understand links between environmental exposures and health outcomes.
- Environmental monitoring - involves testing air, water, and soil samples to detect levels of pollutants or contaminants. (ex: A public health nurse is distributing radon kits for clients to take home to test radon levels in their homes.)
- Biological monitoring – uses biomarkers like blood or urine tests to measure human exposure to environmental chemicals.
- Product surveillance - tracks chemicals in consumer goods to identify potential toxic exposures before health issues arise.
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internally displaced persons
Migrants
Refugee
asylum-seekers
______- someone who chooses to move from one place to another, often across an international border.
________ - person who has fled their country and is seeking international protection in another country. They have applied for refugee status, but their claim has not yet been determined.
_______ - a person who must leave their homeland due to persecution of beliefs, race, or ethnicity
_______ - people who have been forced to flee their homes, but unlike refugees, they remain within the borders of their own country.
migrants
asylum-seeker
refugee
IDP
________– number of NEW cases of disease (at a given time period)
_________ – number of ALL/CURRENT cases of disease (at a given time period)
Incidence – number of NEW cases of disease (at a given time period)
Prevalence – number of ALL/CURRENT cases of disease (at a given time period)
Endemic
pandemic
epidemic
An _________ disease is one that is consistently present in a population within a specific geographic area.
- It means the disease’s presence is expected and relatively stable.
- The level of the disease remains at a baseline level.
- Example: Malaria in certain regions of Africa.
An _________ occurs when there is a sudden increase in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population in that area.
- It signifies a rapid spread of the disease within a specific region or community.
- Example: A localized outbreak of influenza in a city.
A _________ is an epidemic that has spread internationally, across multiple countries or continents.
- It involves a widespread, global outbreak of a disease.
- Example: COVID-19.
endemic
epidemic
pandemic
stages of infection
Transmissibility
Communicability period
Incubation period
Latent period
___________– period between an infectious agent entering a host and finding conditions favorable, replicating, shedding
____________ – period of time the person is contagious/can infect others
__________ – period between invasion of agent and symptoms appearing
___________ – estimations of the basic reproductive number
Latent period – period between an infectious agent entering a host and finding conditions favorable, replicating, shedding
Communicability period – period of time the person is contagious/can infect others
Incubation period – period between invasion of agent and symptoms appearing
Transmissibility – estimations of the basic reproductive number
best practices for naming new diseases according to the WHO.
- Avoid Geographical Locations:
- Avoid People’s Names:
- Avoid Animal Species:
- Avoid Cultural, Population, Industry, or Occupational References
- Use Descriptive Terms
- Use Acronyms and Alphanumeric Codes
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