study guide Flashcards
Sporophytes (2n) produce spores (n) via
meiosis
Gametophytes (n) produce sperm & eggs (n) via
mitosis
Moss (Bryophyte) Life Cycle
Dominant gametophyte (haploid) stage.
Sporophyte is dependent on gametophyte.
Fern (Pterophyte) Life Cycle
Dominant sporophyte stage.
Independent gametophyte.
Gymnosperm (Conifer) Life Cycle
Dominant sporophyte (tree).
Seeds are exposed (“naked seed”).
Angiosperm Life Cycle
Dominant sporophyte (flowering plant).
Seeds enclosed in a fruit (vessel).
Gymnosperm
Cones produce pollen and ovules.
Angiosperms
Flowers contain reproductive organs, and fruits (vessels) protect seeds.
Adaptations of Gymnosperms & Angiosperms
-Seeds protect embryos.
-No water needed for fertilization (pollen replaces sperm swimming in water).
-Gametophyte is protected inside sporophyte.
-Angiosperms have mutualisms (pollination & seed dispersal).
Dermal
Epidermis
Periderm
Guard cells
Trichomes
Protection
gas exchange
Ground
Cortex
Pith
Mesophyll
Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma
Storage
photosynthesis
support
Vascular
Xylem
Phloem
Tracheids,
Vessel elements
Sieve tubes
Companion cell
Transport of water
nutrients
sugars
Xylem
(Dead Cells): Moves water/minerals up via cohesion-adhesion & transpiration.
Phloem
(Living Cells): Moves sugars both directions via pressure-flow hypothesis.
Guard Cells & Stomata
Stomata open when turgor pressure is high (water enters guard cells).
Stomata close when water is scarce (ABA hormone triggers closure).
Macronutrients
N, P, K, Mg, Ca, S.
Micronutrients
Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn
Sources of Carbon/Oxygen
Atmosphere (CO₂ & O₂).
Nitrogen Fixation
Rhizobium bacteria in legumes fix nitrogen into a usable form.
Mycorrhizae Fungi
Help plants absorb phosphorus & water.
Auxin
Promotes stem elongation & phototropism
Ethylene
Triggers fruit ripening
Abscisic Acid (ABA)
Promotes dormancy & closes stomata
Phototropism
Growth toward light (auxin accumulates on shaded side).
