Study guide Flashcards
condition or event that an experimenter varies to see its impact on another variable.
Independent Variable
the variable thought to be affected by manipulation of the independent.
Dependent Variable
Slanted line to the RIGHT on a graph
Positive Correlation
Slanted line to the LEFT on a graph
Negative Correlation
0
no correlation
1.00
correlation
People’s participation in research with human participants should always be voluntary and they should be allowed to withdraw from a study at any time.
Participants should not be subjected to harmful or dangerous treatments;
If a study requires deception, participants should be debriefed (informed of the true nature and purpose of research) as soon as possible
Participants’ right to privacy should never be compromised
Ethics
long, thin fiber that transmits signals away from the soma to other neurons or to muscles or glands.
Axon
insulating material that encases some axons.
Myelin Sheath
brief shift in a neuron’s electrical charge that travels along an axon. (like a spark traveling along a trail of gunpowder).
Action Potential
type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus
Classical Conditioning
a stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus
Form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences
operant conditioning
systematic arrangement of needs according to priority, in which basic needs must be met before less basic needs are aroused
Hierarchy of needs
top of maslows pyramid
self-actualization
6th level of maslows pyramid
aesthetic needs (order and beauty
5th level of maslows pyramid
cognitive needs (knowledge and understanding)
4th level of maslows pyramid
achievement and gaining of recognition
3rd level of maslows pyramid
belongingness and love needs
2nd level of maslows pyramid
safety and security needs
bottom of maslows pyramid
Physiological needs
this approach offers two advantages: clarity and precision. requires specificity in exactly what someone is talking about when formulating a hypothesis.
Intolerance of error. does yield more accurate information.
scientific method
method in which investigator manipulates a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observes whether any changes occur in a second variable as a result
experimental research
when attitudes or beliefs are related but inconsistent-this is, when they contradict each other
cognitive dissonance
estimated probability of an event based on the ease with which relevant instances come to mind
availability heuristic
choosing what to focus on
selective attention
philosophical discussion about the relative influence of genetics (nature) and environmental factors (nurture) on human traits
nature vs. nurture
Piaget’s 1st stage (birth-2)
sensorimotor period
coordination of sensory input and motor responses; development of object permanence
Piaget’s 2nd stage (2-7)
preoperational period
development of symbolic thought marked by irreversibility, centration, and egocentrism
Piaget’s 3rd stage (7-11)
concrete operational period
mental operations applied to concrete events, mastery of conversation, hierarchical classification
Piaget’s 4th stage (11-adulthood)
formal operational period
mental operations, applied to abstract ideas; logical, systematic thinking
Erickson’s stage 1
Trust vs. mistrust
is my world predictable and supportive?
First year of life
Erickson’s stage 2
autonomy vs. shame and doubt
can i do things myself or must i always rely on others?
2-3 years of life
Erickson’s stage 3
initiative vs. guilt
am i good or am i bad?
4-6 years
Erickson’s stage 4
industry vs. inferiority
am i competent or am i worthless?
6-puberty
Erickson’s stage 5
identity vs. confusion
who am i and where am i going
adolescence
Erickson’s stage 6
intimacy vs. isolation
shall i share my life with another or live alone?
early adulthood
Erickson’s stage 7
Generativity vs. self-absorption
will i produce something of real value?
middle adulthood
Erickson’s stage 8
integrity vs. despair
have i lived a full life?
late adulthood
Personality is shaped by how individual’s deal with psychosocial crises.
Erikson’s Stage Theory
tendency to mold one’s interpretation of the past to fit how events actually turned out
hindsight bias
tendency to process info by interpreting information that is consistent with one’s own beliefs
confirmation bias
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
DSM
ability to understand that other people have mental states, beliefs, desires, and intentions.
Theory of Mind
