Study Guide Flashcards

Question

Over-regularization

Answer 1

kids over apply rules (with grammar) | "I grewed up"

Answer 2

1. between 5 years of age and puberty language acquisition becomes much more difficult and less successful 2. adults immigrating to U.S. performed worse on tests of English grammar than kids who immigrated to the U.S. | the later you learn a language = more right hemisphere involvement

Answer 3

Young learners are more fluent & grammatical Those who heard less mature language are less fluent

Answer 4

1. transient subjective feelings (fear, elation) 2. physiological correlation (adrenaline, HR) 3. thoughts that accompany feelings (how to escape/approach) 4. desire to take action (fight/flight)

Answer 5

1. emotions are innate 2. each emotion is associated with a specific set of body & facial reactions; emotions are distinct even early in life

Answer 6

early emotions are not distinct; environment plays a role in changing primitive emotions into complex forms

Answer 7

1. relying on others 2. use of cognitive strategies to control negative emotions 3. being able to select the right regulating strategy

Answer 8

avert gaze; rubbing/stroking itself; self-distraction

Answer 9

greater control over body and attention; language

Answer 10

childhood abilities to handle frustration, control emotions, and get along with people predicted success in work and life

Answer 11

* kids who waited knew how to distract themselves * 10 years: kids who waited had better social and academic competence, had higher verbal fluency, had higher levels of rational thinking, were more attentive, were better at making and sticking to plans, and were more able to deal with frustration * 20 years: kids who waited were more socially competent, more planful, more self-regulated and had higher self-esteem

Answer 12

constitutionally based individual differences in emotional, motor, and attentional reactivity and self-regulation; seen to demonstrate consistency across situations and are relatively stable over time | adjustment depends on how one's temparement fits into their environment ## Footnote Differences accounted for from genetic inheritance, neural development, nutritional deficiencies/teratogens, prolonged stress, maternal insensitivity, etc Parents socialization practices can affects kid's development

Answer 13

* Higher fearful distress in infancy -> more fear in new situations at 2 and more social inhibition at 4.5 * tendency for negative emotion at 3 -> more negativity at 6 & 8 * Greater ability to focus attention in preschool -> greater ability to focus at ages 11 & 12

Answer 14

Kids who were more negative, impulsive, and unregulated had: more adjustment problems, not getting along well with others, more likely to engage with the law, unhappier relationships, more unemployment, and had fewer sources of social support

Answer 15

Child is put through series of episodes involving repeated separations and reunions with their caregivers **4 categories: **securely attached, insecure/resistant, insecure/avoidant, and disorganized/disoriented

Answer 16

effectively use mom as secure base; some distress when mom leaves; happy to see mom return

Answer 17

child is clingy and less exploratory; upset when mom leaves; reestablishes contact with mom when she returns but resists her efforts at comfort

Answer 18

child avoids mom before separation; does not greet caregiver upon return; child ignores stranger

Answer 19

no consistent way of coping; confused facial expression; appears to want mom but also to fear her

Answer 20

* Monkeys spent majority of time with cloth mother regardless of which mother fed them * monkeys with only a wire mother exhibited extremely abnormal social and emotional behavior as adults (excessive and misdirected anger; stereotyped motor behavior; abnormal sexual behavior, extremely poor parenting by motherless mothers)

Answer 21

3 attachment types seen in China, Western Europe, Africa, etc 3 places we discussed: Japan, Germany, Israel

Answer 22

no insecure/avoidant because emphasis on "oneness" between mom and baby and fosters more physical closeness

Answer 23

emphasis on independence -> more insecurely attached

Answer 24

kids at kibbutz are more likely to be insecure/resistant because it is less consistent and less sensitive

Answer 25

no negative effects, depends on parent sensitivity

Answer 26

responsiveness of caregiver; acceptance of caregiver role; cooperation/patience; gentle persuasion v.s. demanding; most crucial factor affecting security of attachment MOST CRITICAL FACTOR AFFECTING SECURITY OF ATTACHMENT

Answer 27

Bowlby: internalize the attachment style and sees that as normal -> affects future relationships

Answer 28

accurately read baby's signals; respond quickly; lots of positive exchanges

Answer 29

respond inconsistently; be anxious themselves

Answer 30

indifferent; emotionally unavailable; may reject infant's efforts to cuddle

Answer 31

* identify babies at risk for insecure attachment -> put half moms through intervention and half moms through different class -> babies with mom in intervention were more securely attaches * babies with secure attachment look longer at unresponsive caregiver and babies with insecure attachement look longer at responsive caregiver

Answer 32

better problem solving; more complex & creative play; more positive meotions and fewer negative ones; more attractive playmates

Answer 33

better social skills; better peer relations; more likely to have more close friends

Answer 34

socially and emotionally withdrawn; hesistant to initiate play behaviors with peers; less curious; less interested in learning

Answer 35

poor peer relations; fewer close friendships; more deviant behaviors; psychopathological symptoms

Answer 36

variations within genders, overlaps IQ: equivalent average, more males at the extremes Verbal: * males: speech problems, dyslexia * females: better with surface layout spatial: * males: better mental rotation, navigation * females: better with surface layout

Answer 37

* evolution: studies of play behavior shows sex differences consisitent with evolutionary thoery (boys fight, girls play with dolls) * hormones: gender differences in behavior reflect different ratios of male and female sex hormones * gender dysphoria: some children's gender identification does not match how they are socialized

Answer 38

androgen is higher in males and correlates with physical aggresion * girls with CAH (congenital adrenal hyperplasia * boys with androgen insensitivity show more female interests

Answer 39

* Children are clearly influenced by their social environment and naturally learn through observation * implicit teaching: types of conversation, toys, chores, decoration * explicit teaching: gender essentialists' statements * media: stereotypes, more male leads * media effectiveness: children choose broken toy with dora sticker over new toy

Answer 40

focuses on how children's developing understanding of what it means to be a certain gender shapes their acquisition of gender-related behavior

Answer 41

Kids actively construct gender knowledge the same they construct other knowledge about the world Stages: * 30 months * 3-4 years * 5-7 years

Answer 42

establish gender identity but don't think their gender is permanent

Answer 43

gender stability but can be biased on superficial appearance

Answer 44

gender constancy and see that gender is constant no matter what after final stage, kids can look for gender models & learn appropraite behaviors * but kids show gender-biased preferences before that

Answer 45

* kids classify objects and activities as "for boys" or "for girls" and stay away from those associated with the opposite sex * bias to behave in accord with their gender identity leads them to acquire greater knowledge and expertise with gender-consistent entitities

Answer 46

@ 3, friendships are influenced by gender but not race

Answer 47

6 years: amount of damage > intentions (moral realism) 10 years: intentions > amount of damage (moral relativism) | which boy is naughtier? ## Footnote one that accidentally broke 15 glasses or one that broke 1 glass by climbing which he wasn't supposed to do

Answer 48

self-centered reasoning; get rewards and avoid punishment

Answer 49

intentions and motives are more salient; centered on social relationships

Answer 50

centered on ideals; recognizes relative and arbituary nature of some rules

Answer 51

* stubborn and puzzled maintenance of a moral judgement without supporting reasons * occurs when people maintain a moral judgement even though they cannot provide a reason for this judgement