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Bio 182 > Study GUIDE > Flashcards

Study GUIDE Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What Domain of prokaryotes are the extremophiles?

A

Archaea are the extremophiles.

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2
Q

What are the features that allows Archaea to be tolerant of extreme conditions?

A

membrane lipids formed with ETHER bonds.

ETHER bonds are resistant to damage by extreme conditions

ISOPRENE chains instead of fatty acid chains to build cell

posses a PROTEIN CELL WALL

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3
Q

What are cyanobacteria?

A

Cyanobacteria become chloroplast, they are photoautotrophs

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4
Q

What makes cyanobacteria a special group of Bacteria?

A

able to photosynthesis and produce O2

common freshwater, oceans,wetlands, & soil surfaces

chloroplasts in EU

eutrophication

nitrogen fixation

generate organic compounds- antibiotics and soil stabilized

increase body diversity

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5
Q

Horizontal Gene Transfer

A

process where an organism receives genetic material from another organism WITHOUT being the offspring

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6
Q

what is HGT can be responsible for.

A

happens BETWEEN ORGANISMS (occurs in close living communities)
HGT
80% of bacterial & archaeal genes involved HGT
Bacterial Gene Transfer to protist, fungi, plants, animals
Increases genetic diversity

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7
Q

Autotrophs

A

produce organic compounds from inorganic sources

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8
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

light source for energy, organic compounds from CO2 , H2O, and H2S

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9
Q

Chemolithoautotrophs

A

energy from inorganic compounds (nitrification or oxidation of sulfur, iron, or hydrogen) and Co2 as source of carbon

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10
Q

Chemoorganotrophs

A

oxidize sugar to make ATP & methane (inorganic source) for carbon

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11
Q

chemolithoheterotrophs

A

energy from inorganic source (H2S) and absorb organic molecules for carbon source

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12
Q

Heterotrophs

A

require organic compounds from the environment

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13
Q

Photoheterotrophs

A

light energy to generate ATP, organic compounds from environment

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14
Q

chemoheterotrophs

A

organic molecules for energy and carbon source

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15
Q

Akinetes

A

large,thick walled food-filled cells (resting state for bacteria)

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16
Q

Endospores=

A

enclose dna and other materials in a tough coat which is released when enclosing cells died

remains alive until the right conditions arise (alive but dormant)

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17
Q

Asexual (same) reproduction

A

based on MITOTIC cell division – daughter cell is genetically IDENTICAL to parent

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18
Q

Sexual Reproduction
(less of half)

A

bases on MEIOTIC cell division and fusion of gametes – daughter cell is genetically DIFFERENT from parent

→ results in HAPLOID CELLS

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19
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

Symbiotic association where an endosymbiont lives within a larger host species which leads to HGT

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20
Q

Primary Endosymbiosis

A

Heterotrophic cell captures cyanobacteria and that it did not digest (phagocytosis)

instead of digesting it incorporates it → chloroplast

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21
Q

Secondary Endosymbiosis

A

EU host cell ingests and retains an EU cell that had a primary plastid (red or green algae)
red or green algae (primary plastid) is engulfed by predatory protist

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22
Q

What are hyphae

A

Hyphae – filaments that make up mycelia

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23
Q

what is the term for a woven network of hyphae?

A

Mycelia (mycelium-singular)- multicellular, filamentous structure – for mating, external digestion & absorption nutrition

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24
Q

Ectomycorrhiza (EM)

A

form partnerships with temperate forest trees and soil fungi (basidiomycetes)

Hyphae coat tree-root surfaces and grow into spaces between tree root cells

does not go into the cells goes in between the cells

beech, oak, pine, and spruce trees will NOT GROW unless EM is PRESENT

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25
Q

Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (AM)

A

hyphae penetrates space between root cell and plasma membrane of plant roots and form arbuscules
goes into cell
highly branches arbuscules (increase sa/v) are site of nutrient exchange- fungus provides water and nutrients and plant provides organic molecules to fungus
Benefits: occurs in crops, shrubs, herbaceous plants, grasslands, and tropical forests → increased drought resistance, reduce pest damage, promote seed protection, increase fitness

26
Q

How do fungal hyphae grow?

A

Grow by extending tips through osmosis
- water enters hyphae because cytoplasm is rich in sugars, ions,and other solutes.
- Hyphal tips swells producing force necessary for extension and tiny vesicles carry enzymes (break down food) an cell wall materials (extend the tip) from Golgi

27
Q

What are plants’ most recent common ancestor?

A

Green Algae (Chlorophyta)

28
Q

What were the adaptations that allowed land plants to adapt to living on land?

A
  • light and CO2 was more plentiful on land
    -preventing water→ production of cuticle (waxy, water tight sealant)
    stoma/guard
    sporopollenin- on spore walls (prevents spores from drying out
    -providing UV protection
    plant pigments
    flavonoids
    -Upright Growth
  • to avoid falling down and transport water and nutrient
    • vascular tissue (xylem & phloem)
29
Q

Sporophyte

A

diploid stage (2n)
develops sporangia that produces haploid spores through meiosis
starts with the fertilized egg (zygote)

30
Q

Gametophyte

A

haploid stage (n)
produces male and female gametes that fuse to create a diploid zygote which grows into a sporophyte through mitosis.
starts with the spore

31
Q

What is meant by alternation of generations in terms of a plant’s life cycle?

A

Plants’ life cycle alternates between a sexual (meiosis) phase that produces gametes and an asexual (mitosis) phases that produces spores

32
Q

Gametophyte dominant

A

Bryophytes

33
Q

Bryophytes

A

Vascular plants (ferns/seed plants)

34
Q

Homosporous

A

(nonvascular plants and most seedless vascular plants)
one type of spore produced from one kind of sporangium

35
Q

Heterosporous

A

seed plants
2 types of spores from two different kinds of sporangia on same individual
led to development of pollen grains

36
Q

What were adaptations of bryophytes to land?

A

grow close to the ground
Gametophyte (haploid)-dominant and longer-lived phase
→ Rhizoids anchor to rocks, soil, or trees.

37
Q

What is the pattern associated with gametophyte vs. sporophyte dominance as plants continued to evolve?

A

plants have continued to evolve from bryophytes into seed plants the gametophyte stage has become smaller and short-lived. In seed plants the sporophyte stage has become dominant

38
Q

What is the name of the vascular tissue that carries water? In what direction does it move?

A

Xylem-provides support and carries water and minerals from roots to the rest of the plant so it goes upward.

39
Q

What is the name of the vascular tissue that carries food (sugars and nutrients)? In what direction does it move?

A

Phloem- composed of sieve tubes that conveys watery sap containing organic molecules (sugar) through plants. It moves up and down

40
Q

What is a seed

A

Seeds (endosperm- nutritive seed tissue) - help embryo grow to a seedling

41
Q

what is a seeds evolutionary advantage?

A

Seed (vascular plants) allowed for delayed germination until favorable environmental conditions and makes it possible so that it can reproduce without water

42
Q

Be able to explain the characteristics of the ovule.

A

integument- protective layer and prevent desiccation
Micropyle: small opening in integument where fertilization takes place
Ovule: megasporangium

Benefits
dispersed as diploid sporophyte ready to germinate
delayed germination until condition are favorable

43
Q

Parts of the ovule.

A

embryo (2N)

new sporophyte

Endosperm (N)

food supply

female gametophyte tissue

Seed coat

protects and prevents desiccation

no need for water

44
Q

What is a flower

A

Flowers are reproductive organ systems of flowering plant

Flowers- reproductive organs- foster seed and pollen production

45
Q

What are the 4 whorls of a flower?

A

calyx: all the sepals
protect the flower bud
corolla: all the pedals
colorful and attract pollinators
stamen: male parts of the flower
produce & disperse pollen
carpel: female parts of the flower
contain ovules and develop into fruit after fertilization

46
Q

What is double fertilization and the structures involved in angiosperms?

A

Double fertilization one sperm fertilizes the egg, and the other fuses with 2 gametophyte nuclei to form the first endosperm cell.
responsible for formation of the embryo and its food source in the seed

47
Q

Monocots

A

1 Cotyledons: stores nutrients

scattered throughout stem Vascular Tissue ( xylem+phloem)

parallel veins Veins: moves nutrients to water

petals in multiples of 3

Root System
multiple roots from base
fibrous root system

Examples

Tulips
Corn
Grasses
Palms
Lily

48
Q

Dicots

A

2 Cotyledons: stores nutrients

circular arrangement instem Vascular Tissue ( xylem+phloem)

branching veins Veins: moves nutrients to water

petals in multiples of 4 or 5

Root System
taproot system

  • lateral branch roots

Examples
Bear
Roses
Butter Cups
Asters
Oaks

49
Q

What ploidy level is the food source found in angiosperm seeds?

A

The ploidy level is the food source found in angiosperm seeds is haploid

50
Q

What is a fruit?

A

Fruits (ovary) - develop from flowers and disperse seeds

51
Q

What do plants use as strategies of animal pollination? And what animals are attracted to these strategies?

A

Flower - have flower tubes - accumulates nectar pollinators
shaped for specific pollinator - mutualistic relationship

Aster- only butterflies can reach their tongues in there
Cactus- have white flowers that can be seen at night by bats which pollinate them
Rodents like mice can be attracted to the flowers that drink the nectar with their tongue getting pollen all over one plant to another
Some flowers also correspond to beak shape like ones that hummingbirds are attracted to

52
Q

What are the 3 main organ systems?

A

leaves (photosynthesis)

shoot/stem (produce leaves, branches, reproductive structures)

roots (take in water and nutrients)

53
Q

Epidermal Dermal Tissue

A

outer covering
protection from water loss, herbivores, and disease

→ cuticle: waxy covering
reduce evaporation and inhibit microorganism
→ root hairs: increase sa/v
absorb nutrients and water
→ guard cells: on either side of stoma
provide passage for CO2, Oxygen, and H2O
→ Periderm: wood plant provide protection and support

54
Q

Vascular Tissue

A

vessels throughout plant
xylem (transport material throughout plant)
phloem (“ “)

vascular bundles: organization of primary vascular tissues

→ xylem- conducts water and dissolved nutrients from root system in one direction
Tracheids
Vessels elements- only in angiosperms→ cells die at maturity, no cytoplasm, lignan
→ phloem: conducts sugar, amino acids, hormones, and other substances in 2 directions: from roots to shoots and shoots to roots
angiosperms
sieve- tube elements
companion cell

55
Q

Ground Tissue

A

photosynthesis, storage, and support

Parenchyma- thin walled: store starch in chloroplast

Collenchyma- flexible cells allow stem to flex in the wind

Sclerenchyma- tough-walled that provide strength and protection

56
Q

What is primary growth in plants? Where does it always happen?

A

Primary Growth→ extended length of stem and root from apical meristems. It always happens in the apical meristems this is the area of cell division at tip of shoot or root

57
Q

The apical meristem gives rise to what 3 primary meristems? In turn each of these three primary meristems give rise to which tissue systems?

A

Protoderm gives rise to Epidermis

Ground Meristem gives rise to Ground Tissue

Procambium gives right to the primary xylem and primary phloem

58
Q

What is secondary growth in plants? From where does this type of growth take place?

A

Secondary Growth- increases stem/root width from lateral (secondary) meristems
This happens in the vascular cambium and cork cambium

59
Q

What are the two lateral meristems in plants?

A

Vascular cambium- forms between xylem & phloem in a cylinder
secondary xylem : wood
secondary phloem : inner bark
Cork Cambium (periderm)
produces cork (outer bark) → dead when mature

60
Q

What is the purpose of roots?

A

absorb water & nutrients

anchor the plants in soil

store nutrients

61
Q

three Domains of life

A

Three Domains of Life: Bacteria (left) , Archaea(middle) , Eukarya(right)

62
Q

How are the 3 domains related to each other?

A

archaea and Eukarya DIVERGED from a more recent common ancestor than with bacteria.

Bacteria and Archaea are MONOPHYLETIC

Bio 182 (2 decks)

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