Study GUIDE Flashcards
What Domain of prokaryotes are the extremophiles?
Archaea are the extremophiles.
What are the features that allows Archaea to be tolerant of extreme conditions?
membrane lipids formed with ETHER bonds.
ETHER bonds are resistant to damage by extreme conditions
ISOPRENE chains instead of fatty acid chains to build cell
posses a PROTEIN CELL WALL
What are cyanobacteria?
Cyanobacteria become chloroplast, they are photoautotrophs
What makes cyanobacteria a special group of Bacteria?
able to photosynthesis and produce O2
common freshwater, oceans,wetlands, & soil surfaces
chloroplasts in EU
eutrophication
nitrogen fixation
generate organic compounds- antibiotics and soil stabilized
increase body diversity
Horizontal Gene Transfer
process where an organism receives genetic material from another organism WITHOUT being the offspring
what is HGT can be responsible for.
happens BETWEEN ORGANISMS (occurs in close living communities)
HGT
80% of bacterial & archaeal genes involved HGT
Bacterial Gene Transfer to protist, fungi, plants, animals
Increases genetic diversity
Autotrophs
produce organic compounds from inorganic sources
Photoautotrophs
light source for energy, organic compounds from CO2 , H2O, and H2S
Chemolithoautotrophs
energy from inorganic compounds (nitrification or oxidation of sulfur, iron, or hydrogen) and Co2 as source of carbon
Chemoorganotrophs
oxidize sugar to make ATP & methane (inorganic source) for carbon
chemolithoheterotrophs
energy from inorganic source (H2S) and absorb organic molecules for carbon source
Heterotrophs
require organic compounds from the environment
Photoheterotrophs
light energy to generate ATP, organic compounds from environment
chemoheterotrophs
organic molecules for energy and carbon source
Akinetes
large,thick walled food-filled cells (resting state for bacteria)
Endospores=
enclose dna and other materials in a tough coat which is released when enclosing cells died
remains alive until the right conditions arise (alive but dormant)
Asexual (same) reproduction
based on MITOTIC cell division – daughter cell is genetically IDENTICAL to parent
Sexual Reproduction
(less of half)
bases on MEIOTIC cell division and fusion of gametes – daughter cell is genetically DIFFERENT from parent
→ results in HAPLOID CELLS
Endosymbiosis
Symbiotic association where an endosymbiont lives within a larger host species which leads to HGT
Primary Endosymbiosis
Heterotrophic cell captures cyanobacteria and that it did not digest (phagocytosis)
instead of digesting it incorporates it → chloroplast
Secondary Endosymbiosis
EU host cell ingests and retains an EU cell that had a primary plastid (red or green algae)
red or green algae (primary plastid) is engulfed by predatory protist
What are hyphae
Hyphae – filaments that make up mycelia
what is the term for a woven network of hyphae?
Mycelia (mycelium-singular)- multicellular, filamentous structure – for mating, external digestion & absorption nutrition
Ectomycorrhiza (EM)
form partnerships with temperate forest trees and soil fungi (basidiomycetes)
Hyphae coat tree-root surfaces and grow into spaces between tree root cells
does not go into the cells goes in between the cells
beech, oak, pine, and spruce trees will NOT GROW unless EM is PRESENT
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (AM)
hyphae penetrates space between root cell and plasma membrane of plant roots and form arbuscules
goes into cell
highly branches arbuscules (increase sa/v) are site of nutrient exchange- fungus provides water and nutrients and plant provides organic molecules to fungus
Benefits: occurs in crops, shrubs, herbaceous plants, grasslands, and tropical forests → increased drought resistance, reduce pest damage, promote seed protection, increase fitness
How do fungal hyphae grow?
Grow by extending tips through osmosis
- water enters hyphae because cytoplasm is rich in sugars, ions,and other solutes.
- Hyphal tips swells producing force necessary for extension and tiny vesicles carry enzymes (break down food) an cell wall materials (extend the tip) from Golgi
What are plants’ most recent common ancestor?
Green Algae (Chlorophyta)
What were the adaptations that allowed land plants to adapt to living on land?
- light and CO2 was more plentiful on land
-preventing water→ production of cuticle (waxy, water tight sealant)
stoma/guard
sporopollenin- on spore walls (prevents spores from drying out
-providing UV protection
plant pigments
flavonoids
-Upright Growth - to avoid falling down and transport water and nutrient
- vascular tissue (xylem & phloem)
Sporophyte
diploid stage (2n)
develops sporangia that produces haploid spores through meiosis
starts with the fertilized egg (zygote)
Gametophyte
haploid stage (n)
produces male and female gametes that fuse to create a diploid zygote which grows into a sporophyte through mitosis.
starts with the spore
What is meant by alternation of generations in terms of a plant’s life cycle?
Plants’ life cycle alternates between a sexual (meiosis) phase that produces gametes and an asexual (mitosis) phases that produces spores
Gametophyte dominant
Bryophytes
Bryophytes
Vascular plants (ferns/seed plants)
Homosporous
(nonvascular plants and most seedless vascular plants)
one type of spore produced from one kind of sporangium
Heterosporous
seed plants
2 types of spores from two different kinds of sporangia on same individual
led to development of pollen grains
What were adaptations of bryophytes to land?
grow close to the ground
Gametophyte (haploid)-dominant and longer-lived phase
→ Rhizoids anchor to rocks, soil, or trees.
What is the pattern associated with gametophyte vs. sporophyte dominance as plants continued to evolve?
plants have continued to evolve from bryophytes into seed plants the gametophyte stage has become smaller and short-lived. In seed plants the sporophyte stage has become dominant
What is the name of the vascular tissue that carries water? In what direction does it move?
Xylem-provides support and carries water and minerals from roots to the rest of the plant so it goes upward.
What is the name of the vascular tissue that carries food (sugars and nutrients)? In what direction does it move?
Phloem- composed of sieve tubes that conveys watery sap containing organic molecules (sugar) through plants. It moves up and down
What is a seed
Seeds (endosperm- nutritive seed tissue) - help embryo grow to a seedling
what is a seeds evolutionary advantage?
Seed (vascular plants) allowed for delayed germination until favorable environmental conditions and makes it possible so that it can reproduce without water
Be able to explain the characteristics of the ovule.
integument- protective layer and prevent desiccation
Micropyle: small opening in integument where fertilization takes place
Ovule: megasporangium
Benefits
dispersed as diploid sporophyte ready to germinate
delayed germination until condition are favorable
Parts of the ovule.
embryo (2N)
new sporophyte
Endosperm (N)
food supply
female gametophyte tissue
Seed coat
protects and prevents desiccation
no need for water
What is a flower
Flowers are reproductive organ systems of flowering plant
Flowers- reproductive organs- foster seed and pollen production
What are the 4 whorls of a flower?
calyx: all the sepals
protect the flower bud
corolla: all the pedals
colorful and attract pollinators
stamen: male parts of the flower
produce & disperse pollen
carpel: female parts of the flower
contain ovules and develop into fruit after fertilization
What is double fertilization and the structures involved in angiosperms?
Double fertilization one sperm fertilizes the egg, and the other fuses with 2 gametophyte nuclei to form the first endosperm cell.
responsible for formation of the embryo and its food source in the seed
Monocots
1 Cotyledons: stores nutrients
scattered throughout stem Vascular Tissue ( xylem+phloem)
parallel veins Veins: moves nutrients to water
petals in multiples of 3
Root System
multiple roots from base
fibrous root system
Examples
Tulips
Corn
Grasses
Palms
Lily
Dicots
2 Cotyledons: stores nutrients
circular arrangement instem Vascular Tissue ( xylem+phloem)
branching veins Veins: moves nutrients to water
petals in multiples of 4 or 5
Root System
taproot system
- lateral branch roots
Examples
Bear
Roses
Butter Cups
Asters
Oaks
What ploidy level is the food source found in angiosperm seeds?
The ploidy level is the food source found in angiosperm seeds is haploid
What is a fruit?
Fruits (ovary) - develop from flowers and disperse seeds
What do plants use as strategies of animal pollination? And what animals are attracted to these strategies?
Flower - have flower tubes - accumulates nectar pollinators
shaped for specific pollinator - mutualistic relationship
Aster- only butterflies can reach their tongues in there
Cactus- have white flowers that can be seen at night by bats which pollinate them
Rodents like mice can be attracted to the flowers that drink the nectar with their tongue getting pollen all over one plant to another
Some flowers also correspond to beak shape like ones that hummingbirds are attracted to
What are the 3 main organ systems?
leaves (photosynthesis)
shoot/stem (produce leaves, branches, reproductive structures)
roots (take in water and nutrients)
Epidermal Dermal Tissue
outer covering
protection from water loss, herbivores, and disease
→ cuticle: waxy covering
reduce evaporation and inhibit microorganism
→ root hairs: increase sa/v
absorb nutrients and water
→ guard cells: on either side of stoma
provide passage for CO2, Oxygen, and H2O
→ Periderm: wood plant provide protection and support
Vascular Tissue
vessels throughout plant
xylem (transport material throughout plant)
phloem (“ “)
vascular bundles: organization of primary vascular tissues
→ xylem- conducts water and dissolved nutrients from root system in one direction
Tracheids
Vessels elements- only in angiosperms→ cells die at maturity, no cytoplasm, lignan
→ phloem: conducts sugar, amino acids, hormones, and other substances in 2 directions: from roots to shoots and shoots to roots
angiosperms
sieve- tube elements
companion cell
Ground Tissue
photosynthesis, storage, and support
Parenchyma- thin walled: store starch in chloroplast
Collenchyma- flexible cells allow stem to flex in the wind
Sclerenchyma- tough-walled that provide strength and protection
What is primary growth in plants? Where does it always happen?
Primary Growth→ extended length of stem and root from apical meristems. It always happens in the apical meristems this is the area of cell division at tip of shoot or root
The apical meristem gives rise to what 3 primary meristems? In turn each of these three primary meristems give rise to which tissue systems?
Protoderm gives rise to Epidermis
Ground Meristem gives rise to Ground Tissue
Procambium gives right to the primary xylem and primary phloem
What is secondary growth in plants? From where does this type of growth take place?
Secondary Growth- increases stem/root width from lateral (secondary) meristems
This happens in the vascular cambium and cork cambium
What are the two lateral meristems in plants?
Vascular cambium- forms between xylem & phloem in a cylinder
secondary xylem : wood
secondary phloem : inner bark
Cork Cambium (periderm)
produces cork (outer bark) → dead when mature
What is the purpose of roots?
absorb water & nutrients
anchor the plants in soil
store nutrients
three Domains of life
Three Domains of Life: Bacteria (left) , Archaea(middle) , Eukarya(right)
How are the 3 domains related to each other?
archaea and Eukarya DIVERGED from a more recent common ancestor than with bacteria.
Bacteria and Archaea are MONOPHYLETIC
