BIO EXAM #4 Flashcards
bio study guide
common characteristics of all animals
-Multicellular, heterotrophs
- lack cell walls, do not have extensive EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM)
* cell to cell adhesion & communication*
- most have nerve cells(except for Porifera (sponges))
-most have muscle cells (not Porifera)
-all animals have capacity to move under their own power at some point in their life cycle
-able to reproduce sexually
What is the most likely ancestor of animals?
Choanaflagellets: multicellular protist, some cells with specialized functions and similar cells structure to early diverging sponges
What are the 3 major features that were traditionally used to classify animals? Know the different variations on these 3 major features.
- Type of body symmetry
- Presence or absence of different tissue types (germ layers) ((embryonic development))
- Specific features in embryonic development
What are the features of protostome development?
Protostomes- blastopore becomes the mouth
- determines cleavage- fate of cell determined early
-spiral cleavage: cells divide in a spiral pattern
- cophotrochozoans & ecdysozoans
What are the features of deuterostome development?
Deuterostomes- Blastopore becomes the anus and mouth forms later
- indeterminate cleavage: each cell has capability to develop a complete embryo
- Radial Cleavage: Cells divide at right angles
Know the 2 different body forms of Cnidaria.
- Polyp (corals and sea anemone)- sessile, can occur in colonies or alone
- Medusa (jellyfish) - mobile, umbrella-shaped body- underside has tentacles, mouth/anus
What is the defining characteristic that differentiates Cnidaria with Ctenophora
cnidarians exhibit bi-radial symmetry while ctenophores exhibit radial symmetry
What larger group of animals do flatworms, mollusks, and segmented worms belong to?
Lophotrochozoa
What is the general body plan of mollusks and how do they feed?
3 main parts
1. Foot- large muscle @ base of animal, used for movement
2. Visceral Mass- Contains internal organs
3. Mantle- fold of skin on top of visceral mass, secretes shell.
- houses gills
Radula: tongue-like organ used for feeding; bivalves used for feeding
What type of animals are found in the phylum Mollusca?
Snails, slugs, clams, oysters, octopuses, and squid
What does Ecdysis mean?
periodic molting of exoskeleton- possess a cuticle or exoskeleton
What is important about the segmentation found in arthropods? What is the name given to this?
Tagmata- fused body segment
- exoskeleton made of chitin
- segmented with appendages for locomotion, food handling, or reproduction
complete metamorphosis.
3 stages
1. egg
2. Nymph- looks like adult (no wings)
3. Adult
- grow, feed, and shed exoskeleton (molts)-
- Instars
- adults have wings
- What are the 4 distinctive features that all chordates share?
- Notochord- flexible rod- (becomes backbone in vertebrates)
- Dorsal hollow nerve cord- sends electrical signals to coordinate muscle movement (vertebrae- brain and spinal cords)
- Pharyngeal slits –> gills gas exchange
- Postanal Tail –> contains muscles & extends posterior to anal opening
incomplete metamorphosis.
3 stages
1. Egg
2. Larvae- feeding stage
3. Pupa- transition from larva to adult
4. Adult- winged, reproductive stage
PORIFERA
Phyla
Symmetry
Diploblast/ Triploblast
Protostome/ Deuterostome
Coelom
Unique Characteristic(s)
sponges
symmetry: asymmetric
di or tri: diploblast
pro or deut: protostomes
coelom: pseudocoelom or no coelom
reproduction: sexual (hermaphrodiles: have both egg and sperm / internal fertilization) and asexual (bud detaches and forms new sponge)
CTENOPHORA
Phyla
Symmetry
Diploblast/ Triploblast
Protostome/ Deuterostome
Coelom
Unique Characteristic(s)
comb jellies
symmetry: radial
di or tri: diploblast
pro or deut: neither
coelom: acoelomates (no coelom)
nervous system: nerve net (diffuse arrangement of nerve cells)
CNIDARIA
Phyla
Symmetry
Diploblast/ Triploblast
Protostome/ Deuterostome
Coelom
Unique Characteristic(s)
jellyfish, corals, anemones, hydroids
symmetry: radial
di or tri: diploblast
pro or deut: neither
coelom: aceolomate
exist in two forms: polyp (sessile) and medusa (mobile, jellyfish)
have cnidocytes (stinging cells) for feeding and defense
ROTIFERA
symmetry: bilateral
di or tri: triploblast
pro or deut: protostome
coelom: psuedocoelom, not completely lined witht he mesoderm
has cilia on corona for suspension, feeding, and swimming
PLATHELMINTHES
Phyla
Symmetry
Diploblast/ Triploblast
Protostome/ Deuterostome
Coelom
Unique Characteristic(s)
symmetry: bilateral
triploblast (first triploblast)
protostome
acoelomate, gases are diffused
has cerebral ganglia (cluster of nerve cells), not segmented
MOLLUSCA
Phyla
Symmetry
Diploblast/ Triploblast
Protostome/ Deuterostome
Coelom
Unique Characteristic(s)
bilateral
triploblast
protostome
true coelom (hemocoel)
has foot, mantle, and visceral mass
open circulatory system
has radula (tongue like) for feeding
ANNELIDA
Phyla
Symmetry
Diploblast/ Triploblast
Protostome/ Deuterostome
Coelom
Unique Characteristic(s)
bilateral
triploblast
protostome
true coelom, acts as hydrostatic skeleton
complete digestive system and closed circulatory system
segmented and are separated by septa
setae- chitinous bristles
NEMATODA
Phyla
Symmetry
Diploblast/ Triploblast
Protostome/ Deuterostome
Coelom
Unique Characteristic(s)
bilateral, tirploblast, protostomes
not segmented
psuedocoelom - hydrostatic skeleton and circulatory system
complete digestive tract
internal fertilization, male and female individuals
tough cuticle that covers the body
ARTHROPODA
Phyla
Symmetry
Diploblast/ Triploblast
Protostome/ Deuterostome
Coelom
Unique Characteristic(s)
bilateral, triploblast, protostome
extensive cephalization
compound eyes
cerebral ganglia is connected to smaller ventral ganglia
open circulatory system
wings
tagmata- fused body segments
jointed appendages
ECHINODERMATA
Phyla
Symmetry
Diploblast/ Triploblast
Protostome/ Deuterostome
Coelom
Unique Characteristic(s)
modified radial symmetry but larvae are bilateral
triploblast
deuterostomes
no cephalization
simple nervous system no brain
trie coelom
regenerative body parts
CHORDATA
Phyla
Symmetry
Diploblast/ Triploblast
Protostome/ Deuterostome
Coelom
Unique Characteristic(s)
bilateral, triploblast, deuterostomes
true coelom
complete digestive tract and closed circulatory system
notochord: flexible rod that becomes the backbone in vert.
dorsal hollow nerve cord: sends electrical signals to coordinate muscle movements, becomes the brain and spinal cord in verts
pharyngeal slits: gills for gas exchange
postanal tail: extends posterior to anal opening
How did the hinged jaw develop?
-developed from gill arches
1st and 2nd gill arches lost
3rd MODIFIED to form hinged jaws
What are the 3 features found in bony fish that are lacking in the sharks & rays?
- skin- interlocking scales that provide stiff but flexible covering -secretes mucus
- operculum– bony-flap covering gills
- Swim bladder- helps with bouyancy
What are the characteristics that make chondrichthyans unique from bony fish?
- need to keep swimming (body denser than water)
- fins
- teeth and jaws
What is the anatomy of bony fish?
kilo notes
What are the 3 major orders of amphibians and what type of fertilization takes place?
- Anura (frogs and toads)
- Urodela (salamanders)
- Apoda (caecilians)
external fertilization- male shed sperm over gelatinous egg masses laid by females in the water
What are the 3 ways amphibians can take up oxygen?
- Buccal Pumping
- Cutanous Respiration (through their skin)
- Through their mouth
What are the adaptations that were required for animas to live on land?
- desiccation resistant skin
- thoracic breathing
- water conserving kidneys
-internal fertilization - amniotic egg
-locomotion
What is the critical innovation that is seen in the reptiles and mammals that the amphibians lack that finally allowed for vertebrates to break their tie to water?
Amniotic egg
What are the 4 major living classes of reptiles? Know some distinguishing characteristics for each.
- Testudines (turtles)
- Squamata (lizards and snakes)
- Crocodilia (crocodiles and alligators)
- Aves (Birds)
Testudines distinguishing characteristics
- 3 chamber hearts
- ectotherms
-protective shell (ribs & vertebrate fused to shell) - lay eggs on lands (temperature dependent)
- sharp beak
SQUAMATA distinguishing characteristics
- 3 chamber heart
-endotherm - moveable eyelids & external ears
CROCODILIA distinguishing characteristics
- 4 chamber heart
- ectotherm
-all carnivores
-care for young
AVES distinguishing characteristics
- 4 chambered heart
-endotherm
-most species rich of ALL vertebrates - feathers, wings, can fly
Which animal has 2 chambered hearts?
Fishys
What 4 features allowed birds to take flight?
- Feathers- modified scales that made of keratin
- Air sacs- 9 air sacs, very efficient breathing
- Reduction of organs- single ovary, gonads only enlarged during breeding, no urinary bladder, no teeth
- Lightweight bones- thin, hollow, and honey combed
- enlarged sternum- anchor flight muscles
What are 4 unique features of mammals that separate them from other amniotes?
- Mammary Glands- females produce milk to promote rapid growth
- Hair- insulator, sensory hairs, defense mechanisms
- Specialized Teeth- adapted to different diets
- Enlarged skulls- enlarged brain, single low jaw bone, 3 bones in the middle ear, develop antlers/horns that protrude from skull
What is the hierarchy of organization seen in animal bodies?
cells, tissue, organs, organ system, and organisms
Know the 4 main types of tissues
Epithelial
Muscle
Connective
Nervous
function of EPITHELIAL TISSUE
sheets of densely packed cells that cover the body or individual organs and line the interiors of various cavities
- protect structures
-secrete transport ions & organic molecules
-squamous, columnar, and cuboidal
- simple, stratified, pseudostratified
function of MUSCLE TISSUE
- specialized to shorten, contract, or generate forces that can
- produce body movements (skeletal)
- decrease diameter of a tube (smooth)
- exert pressure on fluid-filled cavity (cardiac)
function of CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- connect, surround, anchor, and support the structures of the animal’s body
- adipose (fat-storing) tissue, bone, cartilage, loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, and blood
function of NERVOUS TISSUE
- networks of neurons (cells) that receive, generate, and conduct electrical signals from one part of the body to another
- communication of sensory information
- brain, spinal cord, and network of neurons
What are electrical signals in neurons
- stimulate other neurons
- stimulate muscle cells to contract
- stimulate glandular cells to secrete substances
What are the 3 main types of muscle tissue, where are they found, and what is their function?
- Skeletal muscles
- Smooth
- Cardiac
Where are skeletal muscles found and what is their function?
- attached to bone in vertebrates
- provide the force needed for locomotion
- voluntary control
Where are smooth muscles found and what is their function?
- surround hollow tubes like the bronchioles in lungs
- control the tube’s diameter
- involuntary
Where are cardiac muscles found and what is their function?
- in heart
- muscle cells interconnected and provide the force needed for a heartbeat
- involuntary
What are the 6 types of connective tissue?
BLOOD
ADIPOSE TISSUE
BONE
CARTILAGE
LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
function of BLOOD
Plasma (red and white cells, platelets)
- rich in electrolytes, proteins, and other solutes
function of ADIPOSE TISSUE
- composed of fat-filled cells
-stores energy
-pads & insulator body
function of BONE
- composed of bone-forming cells that secrete collagen
-collagen gives the inflexible tough character - support and protection
function of CARTILAGE
- composed of bone-forming cells that secrete collagen
-more flexible than bone - flexibility
- movement and cushioning of joints
function of LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- holds internal organs in place
- provides internal framework
- composed of loosely arranged collagen fibers with elastin fibers
- flexible
function of DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- tightly packed layers of collagen fibers in parallel arrays
-great strength, little flexibility - tendons and ligaments
What are tissues and organs?
Organs- composed of two or more kinds of tissues
Tissue- work together through to perform a specific function and work together through direct contact or secretions
Be able to explain and identify how structure and function relate and what they refer to in biology.
- increase SA/V ration increases efficiency without contributing to mass or volume of body part
~ finger-like projections of the small intestine (absorb & transport nutrients)
~ skin folds of a high-altitude frog (increase ability to obtain oxygen from environment)
~ feathery antennae of a moth (detect airborne oders & chemicals)
What is homeostasis?
the body’s ability to remain unchanged even when the world around it can change
What is the fundamental feature of how homeostasis is maintained?
stability in the chemical and physical conditions within an organisms’ cells, tissues, and organs
Negative feedback
think thermostat that is on auto
- a change in the variable being regulated moves the variable in the opposite direction to the set point- a target range of values for the controlled variables
Positive feedback
- process that intensifies the same process (contractions during birth)
Endotherm and homeotherms
Endotherms- animals that generate their own internal heat through metabolism (ex mammals and birds)
Homeotherms- capable of maintaining body temperatures in a normal range
Ectotherm and Heterotherms
ectotherm- obtain heat by absorbing it from their surroundings (ex. invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, and nonbird reptiles)
Heterotherms- Body temperature undergoes variation.
Disadvantages of endotherms
- must consume a lot of food to produce sufficient heat
- hypertherma (too hot) or hypothermia (too cold)
- need water
Does endotherm or ectotherm use more energy to control body temperature endothermic or ectothermic?
endotherms
What is the difference between a conformer and regulator
Conformers are able to match their internal environment to their external surroundings while Regulators regulate their internal environment different than the surrounding environment . This is a high energy cost and gives them to ability to live in diverse habitats & maintain physiological variability in certain range
How do water and solutes move through tissues?
Water and solutes move throughout tissues during a process called osmosis. Different osmotic pressures ensure a similar concentration gradient of solutes along a membrane. Solutes may also pass membrane-specific barriers such as an ion channels
How does function depend on surface area to volume ratio
The surface-area to volume ratio of a cell is influenced by the cell’s environment and possible function. The increased surface area allows for quicker nutrient uptake and distribution system.
