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Bio 182 > BIO EXAM #4 > Flashcards

BIO EXAM #4 Flashcards

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1
Q

common characteristics of all animals

A

-Multicellular, heterotrophs
- lack cell walls, do not have extensive EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM)
* cell to cell adhesion & communication*
- most have nerve cells(except for Porifera (sponges))
-most have muscle cells (not Porifera)
-all animals have capacity to move under their own power at some point in their life cycle
-able to reproduce sexually

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2
Q

What is the most likely ancestor of animals?

A

Choanaflagellets: multicellular protist, some cells with specialized functions and similar cells structure to early diverging sponges

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3
Q

What are the 3 major features that were traditionally used to classify animals? Know the different variations on these 3 major features.

A
  1. Type of body symmetry
  2. Presence or absence of different tissue types (germ layers) ((embryonic development))
  3. Specific features in embryonic development
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4
Q

What are the features of protostome development?

A

Protostomes- blastopore becomes the mouth
- determines cleavage- fate of cell determined early
-spiral cleavage: cells divide in a spiral pattern
- cophotrochozoans & ecdysozoans

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5
Q

What are the features of deuterostome development?

A

Deuterostomes- Blastopore becomes the anus and mouth forms later
- indeterminate cleavage: each cell has capability to develop a complete embryo
- Radial Cleavage: Cells divide at right angles

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6
Q

Know the 2 different body forms of Cnidaria.

A
  1. Polyp (corals and sea anemone)- sessile, can occur in colonies or alone
  2. Medusa (jellyfish) - mobile, umbrella-shaped body- underside has tentacles, mouth/anus
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7
Q

What is the defining characteristic that differentiates Cnidaria with Ctenophora

A

cnidarians exhibit bi-radial symmetry while ctenophores exhibit radial symmetry

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8
Q

What larger group of animals do flatworms, mollusks, and segmented worms belong to?

A

Lophotrochozoa

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9
Q

What is the general body plan of mollusks and how do they feed?

A

3 main parts
1. Foot- large muscle @ base of animal, used for movement
2. Visceral Mass- Contains internal organs
3. Mantle- fold of skin on top of visceral mass, secretes shell.
- houses gills

Radula: tongue-like organ used for feeding; bivalves used for feeding

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10
Q

What type of animals are found in the phylum Mollusca?

A

Snails, slugs, clams, oysters, octopuses, and squid

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11
Q

What does Ecdysis mean?

A

periodic molting of exoskeleton- possess a cuticle or exoskeleton

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12
Q

What is important about the segmentation found in arthropods? What is the name given to this?

A

Tagmata- fused body segment
- exoskeleton made of chitin
- segmented with appendages for locomotion, food handling, or reproduction

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13
Q

complete metamorphosis.

A

3 stages
1. egg
2. Nymph- looks like adult (no wings)
3. Adult
- grow, feed, and shed exoskeleton (molts)-
- Instars
- adults have wings

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14
Q
  • What are the 4 distinctive features that all chordates share?
A
  1. Notochord- flexible rod- (becomes backbone in vertebrates)
  2. Dorsal hollow nerve cord- sends electrical signals to coordinate muscle movement (vertebrae- brain and spinal cords)
  3. Pharyngeal slits –> gills gas exchange
  4. Postanal Tail –> contains muscles & extends posterior to anal opening
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15
Q

incomplete metamorphosis.

A

3 stages
1. Egg
2. Larvae- feeding stage
3. Pupa- transition from larva to adult
4. Adult- winged, reproductive stage

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16
Q

PORIFERA
Phyla
Symmetry
Diploblast/ Triploblast
Protostome/ Deuterostome
Coelom
Unique Characteristic(s)

A

sponges
symmetry: asymmetric
di or tri: diploblast
pro or deut: protostomes
coelom: pseudocoelom or no coelom
reproduction: sexual (hermaphrodiles: have both egg and sperm / internal fertilization) and asexual (bud detaches and forms new sponge)

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17
Q

CTENOPHORA
Phyla
Symmetry
Diploblast/ Triploblast
Protostome/ Deuterostome
Coelom
Unique Characteristic(s)

A

comb jellies
symmetry: radial
di or tri: diploblast
pro or deut: neither
coelom: acoelomates (no coelom)
nervous system: nerve net (diffuse arrangement of nerve cells)

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18
Q

CNIDARIA
Phyla
Symmetry
Diploblast/ Triploblast
Protostome/ Deuterostome
Coelom
Unique Characteristic(s)

A

jellyfish, corals, anemones, hydroids
symmetry: radial
di or tri: diploblast
pro or deut: neither
coelom: aceolomate
exist in two forms: polyp (sessile) and medusa (mobile, jellyfish)
have cnidocytes (stinging cells) for feeding and defense

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19
Q

ROTIFERA

A

symmetry: bilateral
di or tri: triploblast
pro or deut: protostome
coelom: psuedocoelom, not completely lined witht he mesoderm
has cilia on corona for suspension, feeding, and swimming

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20
Q

PLATHELMINTHES
Phyla
Symmetry
Diploblast/ Triploblast
Protostome/ Deuterostome
Coelom
Unique Characteristic(s)

A

symmetry: bilateral
triploblast (first triploblast)
protostome
acoelomate, gases are diffused
has cerebral ganglia (cluster of nerve cells), not segmented

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21
Q

MOLLUSCA
Phyla
Symmetry
Diploblast/ Triploblast
Protostome/ Deuterostome
Coelom
Unique Characteristic(s)

A

bilateral
triploblast
protostome
true coelom (hemocoel)
has foot, mantle, and visceral mass
open circulatory system
has radula (tongue like) for feeding

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22
Q

ANNELIDA
Phyla
Symmetry
Diploblast/ Triploblast
Protostome/ Deuterostome
Coelom
Unique Characteristic(s)

A

bilateral
triploblast
protostome
true coelom, acts as hydrostatic skeleton
complete digestive system and closed circulatory system
segmented and are separated by septa
setae- chitinous bristles

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23
Q

NEMATODA
Phyla
Symmetry
Diploblast/ Triploblast
Protostome/ Deuterostome
Coelom
Unique Characteristic(s)

A

bilateral, tirploblast, protostomes
not segmented
psuedocoelom - hydrostatic skeleton and circulatory system
complete digestive tract
internal fertilization, male and female individuals
tough cuticle that covers the body

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24
Q

ARTHROPODA
Phyla
Symmetry
Diploblast/ Triploblast
Protostome/ Deuterostome
Coelom
Unique Characteristic(s)

A

bilateral, triploblast, protostome
extensive cephalization
compound eyes
cerebral ganglia is connected to smaller ventral ganglia
open circulatory system
wings
tagmata- fused body segments
jointed appendages

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25
Q

ECHINODERMATA
Phyla
Symmetry
Diploblast/ Triploblast
Protostome/ Deuterostome
Coelom
Unique Characteristic(s)

A

modified radial symmetry but larvae are bilateral
triploblast
deuterostomes
no cephalization
simple nervous system no brain
trie coelom
regenerative body parts

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26
Q

CHORDATA
Phyla
Symmetry
Diploblast/ Triploblast
Protostome/ Deuterostome
Coelom
Unique Characteristic(s)

A

bilateral, triploblast, deuterostomes
true coelom
complete digestive tract and closed circulatory system
notochord: flexible rod that becomes the backbone in vert.
dorsal hollow nerve cord: sends electrical signals to coordinate muscle movements, becomes the brain and spinal cord in verts
pharyngeal slits: gills for gas exchange
postanal tail: extends posterior to anal opening

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27
Q

How did the hinged jaw develop?

A

-developed from gill arches
1st and 2nd gill arches lost
3rd MODIFIED to form hinged jaws

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28
Q

What are the 3 features found in bony fish that are lacking in the sharks & rays?

A
  1. skin- interlocking scales that provide stiff but flexible covering -secretes mucus
  2. operculum– bony-flap covering gills
  3. Swim bladder- helps with bouyancy
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29
Q

What are the characteristics that make chondrichthyans unique from bony fish?

A
  1. need to keep swimming (body denser than water)
  2. fins
  3. teeth and jaws
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30
Q

What is the anatomy of bony fish?

A

kilo notes

31
Q

What are the 3 major orders of amphibians and what type of fertilization takes place?

A
  1. Anura (frogs and toads)
  2. Urodela (salamanders)
  3. Apoda (caecilians)

external fertilization- male shed sperm over gelatinous egg masses laid by females in the water

32
Q

What are the 3 ways amphibians can take up oxygen?

A
  1. Buccal Pumping
  2. Cutanous Respiration (through their skin)
  3. Through their mouth
33
Q

What are the adaptations that were required for animas to live on land?

A
  • desiccation resistant skin
  • thoracic breathing
  • water conserving kidneys
    -internal fertilization
  • amniotic egg
    -locomotion
34
Q

What is the critical innovation that is seen in the reptiles and mammals that the amphibians lack that finally allowed for vertebrates to break their tie to water?

A

Amniotic egg

35
Q

What are the 4 major living classes of reptiles? Know some distinguishing characteristics for each.

A
  1. Testudines (turtles)
  2. Squamata (lizards and snakes)
  3. Crocodilia (crocodiles and alligators)
  4. Aves (Birds)
36
Q

Testudines distinguishing characteristics

A
  • 3 chamber hearts
  • ectotherms
    -protective shell (ribs & vertebrate fused to shell)
  • lay eggs on lands (temperature dependent)
  • sharp beak
37
Q

SQUAMATA distinguishing characteristics

A
  • 3 chamber heart
    -endotherm
  • moveable eyelids & external ears
38
Q

CROCODILIA distinguishing characteristics

A
  • 4 chamber heart
  • ectotherm
    -all carnivores
    -care for young
39
Q

AVES distinguishing characteristics

A
  • 4 chambered heart
    -endotherm
    -most species rich of ALL vertebrates
  • feathers, wings, can fly
40
Q

Which animal has 2 chambered hearts?

A

Fishys

41
Q

What 4 features allowed birds to take flight?

A
  1. Feathers- modified scales that made of keratin
  2. Air sacs- 9 air sacs, very efficient breathing
  3. Reduction of organs- single ovary, gonads only enlarged during breeding, no urinary bladder, no teeth
  4. Lightweight bones- thin, hollow, and honey combed
    - enlarged sternum- anchor flight muscles
42
Q

What are 4 unique features of mammals that separate them from other amniotes?

A
  1. Mammary Glands- females produce milk to promote rapid growth
  2. Hair- insulator, sensory hairs, defense mechanisms
  3. Specialized Teeth- adapted to different diets
  4. Enlarged skulls- enlarged brain, single low jaw bone, 3 bones in the middle ear, develop antlers/horns that protrude from skull
43
Q

What is the hierarchy of organization seen in animal bodies?

A

cells, tissue, organs, organ system, and organisms

44
Q

Know the 4 main types of tissues

A

Epithelial
Muscle
Connective
Nervous

45
Q

function of EPITHELIAL TISSUE

A

sheets of densely packed cells that cover the body or individual organs and line the interiors of various cavities

  • protect structures
    -secrete transport ions & organic molecules

-squamous, columnar, and cuboidal
- simple, stratified, pseudostratified

46
Q

function of MUSCLE TISSUE

A
  • specialized to shorten, contract, or generate forces that can
    - produce body movements (skeletal)
    - decrease diameter of a tube (smooth)
    - exert pressure on fluid-filled cavity (cardiac)
47
Q

function of CONNECTIVE TISSUE

A
  • connect, surround, anchor, and support the structures of the animal’s body
    • adipose (fat-storing) tissue, bone, cartilage, loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, and blood
48
Q

function of NERVOUS TISSUE

A
  • networks of neurons (cells) that receive, generate, and conduct electrical signals from one part of the body to another
    • communication of sensory information
    • brain, spinal cord, and network of neurons
49
Q

What are electrical signals in neurons

A
  • stimulate other neurons
  • stimulate muscle cells to contract
  • stimulate glandular cells to secrete substances
50
Q

What are the 3 main types of muscle tissue, where are they found, and what is their function?

A
  • Skeletal muscles
  • Smooth
  • Cardiac
51
Q

Where are skeletal muscles found and what is their function?

A
  • attached to bone in vertebrates
  • provide the force needed for locomotion
  • voluntary control
52
Q

Where are smooth muscles found and what is their function?

A
  • surround hollow tubes like the bronchioles in lungs
  • control the tube’s diameter
  • involuntary
53
Q

Where are cardiac muscles found and what is their function?

A
  • in heart
  • muscle cells interconnected and provide the force needed for a heartbeat
  • involuntary
54
Q

What are the 6 types of connective tissue?

A

BLOOD
ADIPOSE TISSUE
BONE
CARTILAGE
LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

55
Q

function of BLOOD

A

Plasma (red and white cells, platelets)
- rich in electrolytes, proteins, and other solutes

56
Q

function of ADIPOSE TISSUE

A
  • composed of fat-filled cells
    -stores energy
    -pads & insulator body
57
Q

function of BONE

A
  • composed of bone-forming cells that secrete collagen
    -collagen gives the inflexible tough character
  • support and protection
58
Q

function of CARTILAGE

A
  • composed of bone-forming cells that secrete collagen
    -more flexible than bone
  • flexibility
  • movement and cushioning of joints
59
Q

function of LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

A
  • holds internal organs in place
  • provides internal framework
  • composed of loosely arranged collagen fibers with elastin fibers
  • flexible
60
Q

function of DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

A
  • tightly packed layers of collagen fibers in parallel arrays
    -great strength, little flexibility
  • tendons and ligaments
61
Q

What are tissues and organs?

A

Organs- composed of two or more kinds of tissues
Tissue- work together through to perform a specific function and work together through direct contact or secretions

62
Q

Be able to explain and identify how structure and function relate and what they refer to in biology.

A
  • increase SA/V ration increases efficiency without contributing to mass or volume of body part

~ finger-like projections of the small intestine (absorb & transport nutrients)
~ skin folds of a high-altitude frog (increase ability to obtain oxygen from environment)
~ feathery antennae of a moth (detect airborne oders & chemicals)

63
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

the body’s ability to remain unchanged even when the world around it can change

64
Q

What is the fundamental feature of how homeostasis is maintained?

A

stability in the chemical and physical conditions within an organisms’ cells, tissues, and organs

65
Q

Negative feedback

A

think thermostat that is on auto
- a change in the variable being regulated moves the variable in the opposite direction to the set point- a target range of values for the controlled variables

66
Q

Positive feedback

A
  • process that intensifies the same process (contractions during birth)
67
Q

Endotherm and homeotherms

A

Endotherms- animals that generate their own internal heat through metabolism (ex mammals and birds)

Homeotherms- capable of maintaining body temperatures in a normal range

68
Q

Ectotherm and Heterotherms

A

ectotherm- obtain heat by absorbing it from their surroundings (ex. invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, and nonbird reptiles)

Heterotherms- Body temperature undergoes variation.

69
Q

Disadvantages of endotherms

A
  • must consume a lot of food to produce sufficient heat
  • hypertherma (too hot) or hypothermia (too cold)
  • need water
70
Q

Does endotherm or ectotherm use more energy to control body temperature endothermic or ectothermic?

A

endotherms

71
Q

What is the difference between a conformer and regulator

A

Conformers are able to match their internal environment to their external surroundings while Regulators regulate their internal environment different than the surrounding environment . This is a high energy cost and gives them to ability to live in diverse habitats & maintain physiological variability in certain range

72
Q

How do water and solutes move through tissues?

A

Water and solutes move throughout tissues during a process called osmosis. Different osmotic pressures ensure a similar concentration gradient of solutes along a membrane. Solutes may also pass membrane-specific barriers such as an ion channels

73
Q

How does function depend on surface area to volume ratio

A

The surface-area to volume ratio of a cell is influenced by the cell’s environment and possible function. The increased surface area allows for quicker nutrient uptake and distribution system.

Bio 182 (2 decks)

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