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Anthropology > Study Guide > Flashcards

Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major landmarks of cranial skeletal anatomy?

A

Cranium + mandible = skull
Orbit = eye socket
Anterior nasal aperture = nose hole
External acoustic meatus = ear hole

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2
Q

What are the major bones of cranial skeletal anatomy?

A

Foramen magnum
Maxilla
Nasal bones (2)
Zygomatic arch (2)
Mastoid process (2)

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3
Q

What are the major sutures of cranial skeletal anatomy?

A

Coronal suture
Sagittal suture
Temporal (squamosal) suture
Lambdoidal suture

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4
Q

What are the middle ear bones?

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

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5
Q

What is the human dental formula?

A

Dental formula – 2:1:2:3
Incisors
Canines
Premolars
Molars

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6
Q

Vertebre Column

A

7 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
1 Sacrum
Coccyx (3-5 fused
coccygeal vertebrae)

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7
Q

Hands and Wrist

A

8 Carpals
5 Metacarpals
14 Phalanges

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8
Q

Foot and Ankle

A

7 Tarsals
5 Metatarsals
14 Phalanges

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9
Q

Forensic Analysis Stages

A

1) What is it?
2) How old is it?
3) What is the taphonomic context?

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10
Q

medicolegal significance

A

refers to something that has both medical and legal importance

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11
Q

Taphonomy

A

study of how organic material decays

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12
Q

Forensic Taphonomy

A

how postmortem processes affect the preservation of human remains and help to reconstruct the circumstances of death

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13
Q

What circumstances surrounding the death of an individual generally qualify as medicolegally significant?

A

Identification of deceased
Investigation of suspicious deaths

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14
Q

Various ways in which forensic anthropologists assess whether sample materials are bone

A

Typically assess if material is osseous via macroscopic examination
Most non-osseous materials require no further analysis
Other methods
Radiology (x-rays)
Histology (microscopes)
Elemental analysis (is it made of calcium, lead, gold?)

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15
Q

Various ways in which forensic anthropologists assess whether sample bone is human

A

Typically assess if bone is human via macroscopic examination
Morphological differences due to growth, biomechanics, diet
Most nonhuman bone requires no further analysis

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16
Q

Various ways in which forensic anthropologists assess the temporal origins of human skeletal remains

A

Typically assess temporal origin using taphonomy and the archaeological context
Other methods
Bicultural information
Dendrochronology
Radiocarbon dating

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17
Q

What is the temporal interval within which medicolegal interest typically presides?

A

Medicolegal interest varies, typically
less than 50-150 years old

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18
Q

Define and describe the postmortem interval (PMI)

A

time between individual’s death and discovery of remains
Highly specialized

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19
Q

Why is it difficult to establish PMI?

A

decomposition rate is affected by multiple factors, especially temperature

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20
Q

Describe how PMI is established in the first few hours and days after death

A

Initial PMI estimation (hours/days)
“Three mortises”
Supravital reactions
Nomogram methods

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21
Q

Describe how PMI is established in the first few weeks and months after death.

A

Insect developmental timings (duration of stages from egg to adult)
Insect succession (predictable patterns of insect assemblages)

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22
Q

Define the Megyesi and colleagues (2005) total body score method.

A

Total body score method estimates PMI via degree of soft tissue change throughout decomposition

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23
Q

Define accumulated degree days (ADD)

A

Accumulated degree days (ADD) –
heat energy required for an organism to develop from one life stage to the next

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24
Q

How does the forensic anthropologist determine the ADD?

A

calculating the mean temperature during the day and subtracting it from the threshold temperature

25
Q

Define total body score (TBS)

A

Total body score (TBS) – composite score quantifying soft tissue decomposition across three body regions

26
Q

How does the forensic anthropologist determine the TBS?

A

Based on the degree of decomposition and applying the physical descriptors from the literature

27
Q

Describe how the total body score is used to establish PMI, including the role of local historical temperature data

A

Requires historic temperature data
PMI = number of days required to reach the ADD

28
Q

the cause of death

A

medical determination of the disease or injury that leads to death

29
Q

manner of death

A

legal determination of how death occurred

30
Q

List and describe the standard manner of death categories

A

Natural, Accidental, Suicide, Homicidal, Undetermined

31
Q

Whose responsibility is it to record the official cause and manner of death?

A

Responsibility of the medicolegal authority

32
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

differences in size and
shape based on biological sex

33
Q

What are the major causes of sexual dimorphism in humans?

A

Human sexual dimorphism is related primarily to parturition (birth) and locomotion

34
Q

What are the accuracy rates for estimating sex when provided with the entire skeleton?

A

98%

35
Q

What are the accuracy rates for estimating sex when provided with the pelvis?

A

96%

36
Q

What are the accuracy rates for estimating sex when provided with the skull?

A

92%

37
Q

What are the accuracy rates for estimating sex when provided with the long bones?

A

80-90%

38
Q

Provide differences between the adult human male and female pelvis based on the following
regions of the pelvis: pelvic weight

A

Female:
Lighter and thinner
Male:
Thicker and heavier

39
Q

Provide differences between the adult human male and female pelvis based on the following
regions of the pelvis: pelvic inlet shape

A

Female:
Round or oval
Male:
Heart-shaped; narrowed

40
Q

Provide differences between the adult human male and female pelvis based on the following
regions of the pelvis: true pelvis shape

A

Female:
Shorter, wider
Male:
Longer, Narrower

41
Q

Provide differences between the adult human male and female pelvis based on the following
regions of the pelvis: subpubic angle

A

Female:
Greater than 80º
Male:
Less than 70º

42
Q

Provide differences between the adult human male and female pelvis based on the following regions of the pelvis: pelvic outlet shape

A

Female:
Larger, Rounder
Male:
Smaller

43
Q

List the landmarks of the pelvic inlet

A

Sacral promontory
Ala of sacrum
Arcuate line of ilium
Pectineal line
Pubic symphysis

44
Q

List the landmarks of the pelvic outlet

A

Pubic symphysis
Ischiopubic ramus
Subpubic ramus
Ischial ramus
Ischial tuberosity
Sacrotuberous ligament
Coccyx

45
Q

Differentiate between the male and female adult human pelvis using the Phenice (1969) technique

A

More pronounced ventral arc in females,
More pronounced sub-pubic concavity in females

46
Q

Differentiate between the male and female adult human pelvis using the greater sciatic notch

A

The inner edge of the ischiopubic ramus is more pointed and narrow in women. Broader greater sciatic notch in females

47
Q

Cline

A

is like a gradual change in how common a certain trait or gene is across different places

48
Q

Name and expound upon the major contributors to (i.e., the selective pressures impacting) the geographic distribution of skin color in indigenous populations

A

Temperature Regulation, UV Radiation,

49
Q

How have various people and societies over the centuries distinguished human ‘races’?

A

Geographically

50
Q

How did 16th-19th century European scholars classify humans?

A

The Native Americans are red, the Europeans are white, Asians are yellow, Africans are black

51
Q

Describe the typological approach

A

organizing things into categories or types based on their shared characteristics

52
Q

What impact did the Age of Discovery have on European’s view of race?

A

exposing them to diverse peoples and cultures and providing the ideological justification for European colonialism, slavery, and imperialism.

53
Q

What is scientific racism?

A

the misuse of scientific theories or methodologies to justify and perpetuate racial prejudices, hierarchies, and discrimination

54
Q

What impact did World War II and other contemporaneous factors have on the anthropological view of race?

A

prompted anthropologists to critically reevaluate racial ideologies and to recognize the socially constructed nature of race

55
Q

How has the United States census changed over time?

A

added more categories for more people

56
Q

Why do anthropologists describe race as a social construct?

A

they recognize that racial categories are not based on biological or genetic differences, but rather are created and perpetuated by social, cultural, and historical factors

57
Q

List and describe various characteristics of modern human biological variation which explain why it is difficult to classify humans into discrete racial categories

A

Geography, UV rays, exposure to vitamin D

58
Q

Explain how most modern anthropologists view race, including the AAA and the AABA

A

Most modern anthropologists view race as a social and cultural construct rather than a biological or genetic category

Anthropology (3 decks)

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