Study Guide Flashcards
Circadian rhythms are regulated by
Melatonin
Calictonin lowers blood calcium levels and raises bone calcium levels by activating
Osteoblasts which use excess blood calcium to build new bone tissue
The thyroid hormones increase
cells energy production, stimulate protein synthesis, and speed up the repair of damaged tissues.
The adrenal cortex secretes aldosterone and the adrenal medulla secrets
Epinephrine
Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin are released by
The posterior pituitary
Glucagon is a hormone that
Increase blood sugar levels
Diabetes mellitus is caused by
The production of too little or no insulin by the pancreas
Insulin decreases
Blood sugar and increases protein synthesis
Alpha cells in the pancreas secrete
Glucagon
Proteins cannot easily cross the cell membrane of nonsteroidal hormones. The hormone receptor complex in the membrane usually activates a
G protein that causes enzymes inside the cell to be turned on (nonsteroidal)
Nonsteroidal hormones are made of
Amino acids and proteins that cannot easily cross cell membranes
The hormone receptor complex for steroidal hormones turns genes
On or off
Steroids are soluble in
Lipids and therefore can cross cell membranes easily
The anterior pituitary is responsible for producing thyroid stimulating hormone, among other hormones. If the pituitary gland is removed, the woman may experience
Hypothyroidism
Cretinism is an extreme form of hypothyroidism that is present prior to or soon after birth. Stunted growth, abnormal bone formation, mental retardation, low body temperature, and overall sluggishness are the primary signs and symptoms. The treatment is
Thyroid hormone replacement
Dwarfism is
Little growth hormone (somatotrophin) is produced in childhood
Giantism is
A condition in which too much growth hormone is produced during childhood. Patients may present with very tall height, delayed sexual maturity, thick facial bones, thick skin, weakness, and vision problems.
The prostaglandin hormone is created in the same area of tissue that is home to that specific hormones target cells. Prostaglandins are produced by many body organs including the
Kidneys, stomach, uterus, heart, and brain
Prolonged stress causes the release of cortisol which inhibits immune responses making the person
More susceptible to illness
Endocrine disorders in children generally affect growth, so tracking the child’s development on a standard growth chart would provide
Valuable information about and endocrine related disorders
Common signs of Cushing syndrome include
A round or full face, thin arms and legs, and a large abdomen
The anterior pituitary secrets
growth hormone, melanocyte stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone and follicle stimulating hormone
The pineal body releases melatonin which
Regulates the biological lock and also is linked to puberty
Erythropoietin secreted by the kidneys stimulates
Red blood cell production
Cortisol decreases protein synthesis. The advantage to this decrease is that it also decreases
Inflammation, which decreases pain
The causes of eczema are mostly unknown, but it is thought to be a type of
Allergy or the result of an often unknown underlying inflammatory condition
The case of blood vessel dilation in rosacea is
Unknown
Herpes simplex types 1 and 2 are both cause by
A virus
Cellulitis is caused by __ and __ bacteria
Staphylococcal and strepococcal
Pediculosis is causes by
Parasitic lice: 3 forms (head,body, and pubes)
Scabies are
Mites that burrow beneath skin and lay eggs
A superficial or first degree burn involves
Only the epidermis and is characterized by pain, redness, and swelling
A partial thickness or second degree burn involves
Both the epidermis and dermis and is characterized by redness, swelling, pain, and blisters but does not affect the muscles or bones
Burns to the head almost always require
Emergency medical treatment. Therefore call 91
Apocrine sweat glands produce sweat glands that contain a high amount of
Protein
Apocrine glands are activated primarily by
Nervousness, pain, or stress, although they can also be activated by heat
Melanin is a pigment that absorbs
UV radiation from sunlight and prevents the radiation from harming structures I’m the skins underlying layers
Melanin is deposited throughout
The layers of the epidermis
Basal cell carcinoma accounts for approximately
90 % of all skin cancers in the U.S
Melanoma at an advanced stage May need
Chemotherapy
Melanoma has
5 different stages; treatment depends on which stage the patient is experiencing when the melanoma is discovered
The dermis is
The most complex skin layer; it contains all the major tissue types , including epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue
Keratinocytes are the most
Common cell type in the epidermis
Keratin is a durable protein that makes the epidermis
Waterproof and resistant to bacteria and viruses
The subcutaneous layer, or hypodermis, is
Largely made of adipose and loose connective tissue
