STUDY FOR LAST TEST Flashcards
which one of the meninges is just superficial to the surface of the brain
pia mater
what fluid is found in the ventricles of the brain
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
into what space does fluid flow from the cerebral aqueduct
from the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle
what structure connects the cerebral hemispheres
longitudinal fissure
what is the function of the cerebellum
is a location primarily noted for muscle coordination and maintenance of posture
(sensory or motor) optic nerve
sensory
(sensory or motor) trochlear nerve
motor
(sensory or motor) glossopharyngeal nerve
both
(sensory or motor) hypoglossal nerve
motor
(sensory or motor) vagus nerve
both
(sensory or motor) anterior gray horn
motor
(sensory or motor) posterior gray horn
sensory
(sensory or motor) ascending spinal tracts
sensory
(sensory or motor) descending spinal tracts
motor
what causes the cervical enlargement of the spinal cord
it is because of nerves that supply the upper extremities
where is the film terminale located
coccyx
what is the conus medullar is
end of the spinal cord, connects to coccyx
what is the cauda equine
extension of parallel nerve fibers in the lumbar and sacral regions - neural communication of the spinal cord
in the spinal cord, which is deep to the other, the white matter or the gray matter
gray matter
what is the area of gray matter found between the lateral halves of the spinal cord
lateral gray horns
what major nerves arise from the cervicle plexus
phrenic nerves
what major nerves arise from the brachial plexus
radial, medial, ulnar, musculocutaneous, and axillary nerves
what major nerves arise from the lumbar plexus
femoral and obturator nerves
what major nerves arise from the sacral plexus
sciatic nerves
in terms of function, how does the dorsal spinal root vary from the ventral spinal root
dorsal spinal root - carries sensory information
ventral spinal root - carries motor information
what is the endoneurium
sheath that surrounds a single nerve fiber
how do tracts differ from nerves
tracts- central nervous system
nerves- peripheral nervous system
what is a mixed nerve
carry both sensory and motor information.
the diaphragm’s contractions are regulated by what nerve
phrenic nerves
define threshold voltage in nerve conduction
minimum voltage required for nerve conduction
define maximun recruitment voltage in nerve conduction
when all the neurons of a particular nerve are stimulated
what structure receives a stimulus from the external environment and relays it to the sensory neurons
receptor
what is another name for an efferent neuron
motor neuron
define reflex
a motor response to a stimulus without conscious thought, involuntary, predictable
in what kind of reflex are there just two neurons
monosynaptic reflex arcs
polysnaptic reflexes have a neuron specific to them. what is the name of that neuron.
interneuron
in terms of numbers of synapses, what kind of reflex is a patellar reflex
monosynaptic reflex
after surgery, patients leave the operating room and are transferred to an area called the “recovery room”. Correlate the meaning of the word recovery in this context with what you have learned in this exercise about the recovery of nerves.
nerves must go from a hyperflexic state when body was numbed/put to sleep during surgery. Nerves need to wake up to get back to a normal state of response
what action occurs with a hyperflexic response
an exaggerated response
what action occurs with a hypoflexic response
showing a less than average response
an area with a great number of nerve endings is the upper lip. What can you predict about the ability of the upper lip to distinguish two points?
I believe that since the upper lip has so many nerve endings it would be easier to distinguish 2 points
distinguish among the functions of Pacinian corpuscles, Meissner corpuscles, and pain receptors in the skin.
Pacinian corpuscles- sense pressure
Meissner corpuscles - light touch receptors
Pain receptors - respond to many environmental stimuli
are there more cool or warm receptors in the skin?
cool
adaptation occurs in some sensory stimulation, why would this be important
if you were aware of all the stimuli that enter your brain, you would have too much information to sort out
why do pain receptors function as tonic receptors
because they are constantly receiving stimuli so that they can be prepared to receive pain
in terms of receptor density, describe why it is difficult to find the same location on the forearm when your eyes are closed
because of the number and type of nerve endings in the skin
in reference to the sense organs, what is a modality
type
what kind of receptor is sensitive to light
photoreceptors
what kind of receptor is sensitive to touch
messier corpuscles and pacinan corpuscles
what kind of receptor is sensitive to temperature
thermoreceptors
what kind of receptor is sensitive to sound
mechanoreceptor
what kind of receptor is sensitive to smell
olfaction
what kind of receptor is responsive to extremely hot sensations
thermoreceptors
messier corpuscles respond to what kind of sensation
light touch
what kind of receptor determines the weight of an object when you pick it up
pacinan corpuscles
which kind of receptor adapts to low light in a darkened movie theater
photoreceptors
when you drink a liquid that is burning hot, the ‘chest pain’ felt in the region of the sternum does not really occur there. what is this kind of pain called
referred pain
why does material have to be in solution for it to be sensed as taste
this allows the fluid to run down the sides of the tongue papilla where the taste buds are
what are the primary classes of taste
sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami
what nerves transmit the sense of smell to the brain
olfaction nerves
what nerves transmit the sense of taste to the brain
(gustation) facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves
where ate the taste buds located
sides of the tongue papilla
what is the consensual reflex of the pupil
dilator pupillae
what tunic of the eye converts visible light into nerve into nerve impulses
nervous tunic
what nerve takes the impulse of sight to the brain
optic nerve
what is another name for the sclera
fibrous tunic
in what area of the eye is the blind spot located
optic disks
is the lens anterior or posterior to the iris
posterior
what is the function of the choroid
prevents blurry vision
where is the vitreous humor located
vitreous chamber
what are the three general regions of the ear
inner, middle, and external ear
the pinna of the ear consists of what two main parts
helix and earlobe
