Study Flash Cards
1
Q
Anatomical position
A
The erect position of the body with the face directed forward, the arms at the side, and the palms of the hands facing forward.
2
Q
What are three somato types?
A
Endomorph, mesomorph, and ectomorph.
Mesomorph is mascullar and solid
Endomorph has a rounder body shape
Ectomorph is tall and lean
3
Q
Superficial
A
Closer to the surface of the body.
4
Q
Deep
A
Deeper into the body.
5
Q
Four tissue types
A
Muscle, Epithelial, Connective, and Nervous.
6
Q
Definition of Anatomy
A
Investigating human structure via dissection and other methods.
Also…
The science of the structure of an organism and the relationship of its parts.
7
Q
Definition of Physiology
A
Nature of human function
Or
The study of the functions of living organisms and their parts.
8
Q
Levels of organization
A
Chemical, organelle, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism
COCTOSO
9
Q
Proximal
A
“Nearest trunk of the body”.
10
Q
Epidemiology
A
The study of the occurrence, distribution, and transmission of diseases.
11
Q
Distal
A
“Farthest from the trunk of the body”.
12
Q
Negative feedback loops
A
Oppose a change.
Ex. Skin detecting you’re cold, sends message to hypothalamus and you begging shivering to warm up.
Ex. Control of blood sugar by insulin
13
Q
Positive feedback loop
A
Accelerate a change.
Ex. Child birth
14
Q
Homeostasis
A
Relatively constant state maintained by the body.
15
Q
Four elements that make up 96% of the human body
A
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, & Nitrogen
CHON
16
Q
Atomic weight
A
number of protons plus number of neutrons
AKA
Mass #
17
Q
How we determine a specific element
A
The number of protons in an atom is the defining feature of an atom it’s what makes one element different from another. The # of protons in an atom is also called its atomic number. Oxygen stops have 8 protons.
18
Q
Carbon
A
Carbon has 6 protons and 6 neutrons It's atomic weight is 12 4 electrons in outer shell 2 electrons in its inner shell Protons are positive Electrons are negative Neutrons are neutral
19
Q
Trace elements
A
Iron (FE) Ferrous Sulfate, zinc, magnesium
20
Q
Isotopes
A
Isotopes of an element contain the same # of protons but different # of neutrons
21
Q
Ionic bond
A
Ionic bond is formed by the transfer of electrons; it is a strong electrostatic force that binds positively and negatively charged ions together.
22
Q
Covalent bond
A
A covalent bond is formed by sharing of electron pairs between atoms.
23
Q
Four types of organic compounds (substances) in the body
A
Protein, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids
Protein= CHON, Carbohydrates = CHO
Nucleic acids = CHONP, Lipids= CHO
24
Q
Peptide bonds
A
A covalent bond linking two consecutive amino acids
Joined together molecules of amino acids
25
Vitamin D
Helps the body absorb calcium
Vit D is a steroid
Classified as a hormone
26
Decomposition Reaction
When a substance breaks down into two or more simple substances, breaking of chemical bonds
AB -> A+B
The type of reaction most likely to release energy
27
Synthesis Reaction
Combination of two or more substances to form a more complex substance, formation of new chemical bonds
A+B = AB
The type of chemical reaction that requires energy
28
DNA
```
Double strand
Contains deoxyribose
Have 4 different nitrogen bases: GCAT adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine
Strands of nucleotides
Contains nucleus
Carbohydrates are part of DNA
```
29
RNA
Is a single strand
Contains ribose
Nitrogenous bases: GUAC Guanine, uracil, adenine, cytosine
Carbohydrates are part of RNA
30
Native state
Final functional shape of a protein molecule
31
Prostaglandin
Tissue hormones, which are produced by cell membranes through the body.
Type of lipid
Helps regulate flam action and tissue repair
32
Octet rule
8 is great
The octet rule is a chemical rule of thumb that reflects observation that atoms of main-group elements tend to combine in such a way that each atom has 8 electrons in its valence shell, giving it the same electronic configuration as noble gas
33
Cholesterol
LDL low density lipids - under 100 - bad cholesterol
HDL high density lipids- over 40 - good cholesterol
Cholesterol is a steroid found in the plasma membrane surrounding every body cell that is important for structure
34
Steroid
```
Derived from cholesterol
Main component is the steroid nucleus
Steroids are found in the cytoplasm of lipids
Have a ring like structure
Type of lipid found in sex hormones
```
35
Layers of skin from superficial to deep
```
CLGSB
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale
```
36
Plasma membrane
Protects the cell from its surroundings
Composed of a phospholipid bi layer with embedded proteins
Selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules
Regulates the movement of substances in and out of cells
37
Lysosomes
Mains sites of digestion that is the breakdown of structures within cells
Is a membranous organelle
Digestion of foreign material
Allows for recycling of amino acids
Made up of microscopic membranous sacks that have "pinches off" from Golgi apparatus
38
Ribosomes
Cell structure that makes protein
Can be found floating within the cytoplasm
Attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum
Considered a non-membranous organelle
39
Mitochondria
Are the power houses of the cell
Make ATP
Contain DNA
The inter membrane has a double membrane structure and it has folds called cristae
40
Dehydration synthesis
Formation of sucrose that involves the removal of a molecule of water
41
Microfilaments
Smallest cell fibers
Serve as cellular muscles
Can slide past each other and cause shortening of the cell
Twisted strands of protein molecules that lie parallel to the long axis of the cell
42
Microtubules
Largest part of the cell fibers
Tiny hollow tubes
Move things along in the cell
Protein sub units arranged in a spiral fashion
43
Tight Junctions
Occur in the intestines and other part of the body where it is important to control what gets through a sheet of cells
44
Gap Junctions
Form gaps or "tunnels " that join the cytoplasm of two cells
Fuse two plasma membranes into a single structure
Take place in the heart
45
Desmosomes
Are anchored internally by intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton
Hold skin cells together
Fibers on the outer surface of each desmosome interlock with each other
Belt desmosome encircle the entire cell
46
Golgi Apparatus
Processes and packages material to be secreted
Is membranous
Process protein molecules the ER
Processed proteins leave the final cisterna in a vesicle
After vesicles break away from the endoplasmic reticulum they move to the Golgi apparatus and fuse with the first cisterna (transport)
Once all processed proteins leave the final cisterna the contents may then be secreted to outside the cell
47
Diffusion
A passive process
High to low - no energy required
Occurs down a gradient
A natural phenomenon caused by the tendency of small particles to spread out evenly within a given space
48
Passive Transport
Move substances down their concentration gradients
Type of passive transport: simple and facilitated diffusion (channels and carriers)
Osmosis is a special example of channel meditated passive transport of water
Do not require energy expenditure of the cell membrane
49
Hypotonic
In a hypotonic solution water goes into the cell causing it to swell because the concentration of water is higher outside, there is a net movement of water from outside into the cell
50
Hypertonic Solution
A liquid which has more solute concentration than solution
| So when a cell is placed into such solution water from the cell will be forced out of the cell and the cell will shrink
51
Isotonic
A term describing a fluid with the same potential osmotic pressure as cytosol
52
Active Transport
There are three main types of Active Transport: pumps, exocytosis, and endocytosis
Process of moving materials through the cell membrane that requires the use of energy
Two types of endocytosis: phagocytosis (large particles are engulfed by the plasma membrane and enter the cell in vesicles, the vesicles fuse with lysosomes, which digest the particles)
Pinocytosis (fluid and the substances dissolved in it enter the cell)
Vesicles meditated (endocytosis, exocytosis) moves large volumes of substances at once, as in secretion of hormones and neurotransmitters
53
Cellular Respiration
Is an important example of cell catabolism
Glycolysis begins with glucose and ends with Pyruvic acid and yields a small amount of energy, anaerobic(requires no oxygen), occurs within cytosol( outside of mitochondria).
Krefeld cycle/citric acid cycle begins with pyruvic acid(from glycolysis) and makes 2 ATP plus carbon dioxide, aerobic occurs inside the mitochondria
Electron transport system(ETS) makes 36 ATP, aerobic, occurs inside the mitochondria
54
Catabolism
Is the breakdown of complex molecules in living organism to form simpler ones, together with the release of energy
55
Anabolism
Is the set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units and these reactions require energy
56
Meiosis
Is required to produce egg and sperm cells for sexual reproduction
57
Muscle tissue
Functions for movement
Can contract
Types: skeletal(striated involuntary muscle tissue), smooth(nonstriated, involuntary, or visceral muscle tissue), cardiac(striated involuntary muscle tissue)
58
Epithelial Tissue
Functions: protection, sensory functions, secretions, absorption, excretion
Two types membranous and glandular
Characteristics: limited amount of matrix material; membranous type attached to a basement membrane; Avascular; cells are in close proximity, with many desmosomes and tight Junctions; capable of reproduction
59
Connective Tissue
General functions: connects, supports, transports, and protects
Types: fibrous, blood, bone, cartilage
General structure: extra cellular matrix(ECM) predominates in most connectives tissues and determines their physical characteristics
60
Nervous Tissues
Functions: rapid regulation and integration of body activities
Actual nerve tissue is ectodermal in origin and consists of two basic kind of cells, neurons and neuroglia
Special characteristics: excitability, conductivity
61
Ósmosis
Is the spontaneous net movement of water through a semi permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration
62
Adipose Tissue
Act as food(energy) reserve, support, protection, insulation(white fat), a d heat generation(brown fat)
Produces the hormones leptin which signals the brain how much fat is stored
63
Pseudostratified Epithelium
Has only one layer of oddly shaped columnar cells
| Line the air passages and segments of the male reproductive system
64
Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Lines the vagina, mouth, and esophagus, free surface is moist, primary function is protection
65
Keratinized Stratified Squamous
Multiple layers of flat, Squamous cells, cells filled with keratin,covers outer skin on body surface
66
Simple Squamous Epithelium
One cell layer of flat cells, permeable to many substances, limb of the lung
67
Keratinized
Organic process by which keratin is deposited in cells and the cells become horny(as in nails and hair)
68
Exocrine glands
Exocrine glands discharge secretions into ducts
| Shapes include tubular and alveolar
69
3 types of exocrine glands
Apocrine glands- secreted by pinching off. Example mammary glands
Holocrine glands- secretion products when released cause rapture and death of the cell. Example is sebaceous glands
Merocrine glands- secret directly through the cell membrane, secretion proceeds with no damage to plasma membrane and no loss of cytoplasma, most numerous type of gland. Example salivary glands
70
Endocrine glands
Ductless glands
| Discharge secretions directly into the blood or interstitial fluid
71
Simple cuboidal
One cell layer of cube shaped cells, found in many glands and ducts
72
Stratified cuboidal Epithelium
Two or more rows of cells are typical, basement membrane is indistinct, located in sweat glands ducts and pharynx, serves as protective function
73
Osteocytes
Mature cells of bone: osteocytes, which are embedded in a calcified matrix
74
Functions of skin
Primary functions: support and protection
75
Hypodermis
Also called the subcutaneous layer or superficial fascia, located deep to the dermis, forms a connection between skin and other structures, not part of the skin
76
Type of sweat glands are the most numerous
Eccrine glands
77
Second degree burns
Blisters, severe pain, generalized swelling.Damage to sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands may occur, but Tissue death is not complete
78
Third degree burns
Destroys both dermis and epidermis, also called full thickness burns. Involves underlying tissue
Tissue death extends below the hair follicles and sweat glands
79
Pseudostratified columnar
Epithelium has only one layer off oddly shaped columnar cells
80
Systematic Anatomy
The various organ systems of the body are studied
81
What are examples of passive diffusion?
Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis , dialysis
82
Catalyst
Speed up a chemical reaction by reducing amount of energy needed
83
Primary structure (levels of protein)
Number,kind, and sequence of amino acids that make up the polypeptide chain held together by peptide bonds
84
Secondary structure (levels of protein structure)
The poly peptide is coiled or bent int9 hélices and pleated sheets stabilized by hydrogen bonds, this may include recurring patterns of helices called MOTIFS
85
Triglycerides and Fats
Glycerol and fatty acids are the building blocks
Triglycerides are the most abundant of the lipids
Most concentrated source of energy
Triglycerides are formed by dehydration synthesis
2types of fatty acids : saturated and unsaturated
Saturated is solid: all bonds are filled w hydrogen atoms
Unsaturated: kink because have one or more double bonds
86
Carbohydrates
Called sugars and starches
Organic compounds containing CHO
IN A NORMAL ration of 1:2:1
