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KIN 255 > Study final > Flashcards

Study final Flashcards

1
Q

Perception

What is perception

A

the process by which the nature and meaning of sensory stimuli are recognized and interpreted.
* can be influenced by attention and can occur without conscious awareness

ultimately informs what effectos are used and what behaviour will be generated

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2
Q

Perception

Explain Perception Vs Sensation

A

Perception != Sensation
* Sensation: detect light stimuli (rods/cones); Perception: determine colou
* Sensation: detect force exerted on skin (cutaneous mechanoeceptors); Perception: determine texture or weight

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3
Q

Perception

What is sensation

A

The ability to detect and convert stimulus energy into signals that can be reorganized and interpreted by the nervous system

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4
Q

Process of Perception

What are the 3 steps of perception

A
  1. Stimulus selection
  2. Stimulus Organization
  3. Stimulus interpretation
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5
Q

Process of Perception

Explain the first step in perception

A

The fist step is stimulus selection which is the decision of what to attend to. It includes selection, attention, top-down control and bottom-up control.

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6
Q

Process of Perception

What is selection

A

the process by which we attend to some stimuli in our envionment but not others

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7
Q

Process of Perception

What is attention

A

the ability of the NS to focus on specific sensory info and to disregard other sensory info

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8
Q

Process of Perception

What is top-down control

A

ability to volitionally direct attention to a particular set or subset of sensory info

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9
Q

Process of Perception

What is bottom-up control

A

the ability of salient sensory info to break into current intentions and draw attention to that salient info

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10
Q

Process of Perception

Explain the second step of perception

A

The second step is stimulus organization and it is organize info & integrate various aspects into a single percept. Sensory info about a single stimulus in the environment can arise from multiple senses. Info is first organized within modality specific areas of cortex before being organized within multimodal areas of the cortex

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11
Q

Process of Perception

Explain the third step of perception

A

the 3rd step is stimulus interpretation and it assigns meaning to stimulus within given context. How you interpret a stimulus is connceted to past experience of having been exposed to that stimulus.
* Past experience stored in ‘database’ called schemas
* when we need a schema, we recall it from long term storage and manipulate it in working memory

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12
Q

Process of Perception

What is a schema

A

a rule that associate the stimulus with how to act

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13
Q

Process of Perception

What is working memory

A

a limited capacity cognitive system responsible for temporarily holding info available fo pocessing

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14
Q

Process of Perception

Describe the ways we can engage at each step depending on the task (in increasing complex transformation order). Provide a task example for each wrt touch and vision

A
  1. Detection tasks: only perception of presence o absence of stimulus. Touch: monofilament testing; Vision: Peripheral field testing
  2. Discrimination tasks: require perception of distinguishing characteristics or differences b/w stimuli. Touch: 2-point discrimitation; Vision: Contrast sensitivity
  3. Identification tasks: Require perception of what stimulus is or how it can be classified. Touch: Steregnosis (identify object w/o vision); Vision: Face recognition
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15
Q

Process of Perception

What is Tactile Agnosia and Astereognosis

A

Tactile Agnosia: inability to recognize objects by touch
Astereognosis: specific inability to identify size and shape of objects by touch

Touch disorders

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16
Q

Process of Perception

What is Agnosia and prosopagnosia

A

Agnosia: inability to recognize and identify objects or person
Prosopagnosia: specific inability to recognize faces

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17
Q

Process of Perception

What do bottom-up and top-down processes use to influence/determine perception

A

Bottom-up processes: detials of sensory input characteristics detemine peception
Top-down processes: influence of prior knowledge, experience and expectation influence perception

both are important for perception

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18
Q

Process of Perception

What is Muiltimodal/multisensory integration

the study of what

A

The study of how info from the difference sensory modalities may be integrated by the NS. Multimodal integration can be important for perception as well as movement control. The brin naturally wants to integrate info coming from same spatial location and time.

(ex: McGurk effect [Ba vs Fa] or bad lip reading)

19
Q

Visual Perception

Where does visual perception occur (cortical areas)

A
  • Primary visual cortex: V1
  • Visual association areas: V2, V3, V4, V5/MT, V6
20
Q

Visual Perception

What is the Dual-stream hyposthesis

A

There are two streams for visual perception:
1. Dorsal stream (where/how): V1 to post. parietal cortex
2. Ventral stream (what): V1 to inferior temporal lobe

21
Q

Visual Perception

How do we arive at perception in the Vetral stream

(explain the levels of processing)

A
  • Low level processing: different aspects are originally represented separetly in early areas [V1] (eg. orientation, colour, contrast)
  • Intermdiate level processing: begin to combine low-level aspects into unified percepts (eg. contour, shape depth)
  • High level processing: Combine intermediary representations into a unified percept of entire visual environment [TE, AIT]
22
Q

Visual Perception

What perception is performed in the dorsal stream

A

Object motion and direction. Higher level dorsal areas help distinguish our motion from that of objects around us.
Plays critical role in motion processing across multiple modalities (not just vision)

23
Q

Visual Perception

What is tactile vs visual motion

A

Tactile: object moved across hand
Visual: Visual stimulus moved across visual field

24
Q

Visual Perception

What is an Efference copy

A

an internal copy of an efferent command sent to the spinal cord to effect movement.

25
Q

Visual Perception

What is an efference copy used for

A
  • helps us distinguish b/w object motion and motion caused by our own movements
  • Can be used to generate expected sensory feedback using internal model of body
  • expected sensory result of movement subtracted from actual sensory afference we detect, the difference is not due to our own movements
26
Q

Visual Perception

What is Kinetosis

A

Motion sickness: a disorder associated with motion. Occurs due to a difference b/w actual and expected motion

27
Q

Visual Perception

What direction is visual perception and where do ventral and dorsal streams converge

A

Visual Perception is bidirectional: lower-levels send excitatory signials to higher levels based on stimulus featues, HL enhance or supress these signals by sending facil. or inhib. projections back to LL.

Dorsal & ventral streams interact at multiple levels but ultimately converse in frontal cortex

28
Q

Congnitive motor integration

What is cognition

A

The mental action or process of aquiring knowledge & understanding through thought, experience and sensation.

Includes conscious and unconscious processes where knowledge is aquired such as perceiving, recognizing, conceiving and reasoning

29
Q

Congnitive motor integration

What are the major domains of cognition

A
  1. Attention
  2. Intelligence
  3. Memory
  4. Judgment
  5. Social Cognition
  6. Executive function
30
Q

Congnitive motor integration

What is Executive function

A

Higher level cognitive processes

31
Q

Congnitive motor integration

What are the core executive functions

A
  • response inhibition & interference control (selective attention/cognitive inhibition)
  • Working memory
  • Cognitive flexibility
32
Q

Congnitive motor integration

What are the higher-order executive functions

A
  • reasoning
  • problem solving
  • planning
  • multitasking/shifting
33
Q

Congnitive motor integration

What is response inhibition

A

Being able to control one’s attention, behaviour, thoughts and/or emothings to override a strong internal predisposition and instead do what is more appropriate/needed

34
Q

Congnitive motor integration

What is Interference control (aka inhibitory control of attention)

A

Allows a person to selectively attend or focus on what they chose & suppress attention to other stimuli.

Ex: Stroop test (say red (text colour) when text reads green)
Flanker test: if distracters are far away or congruent = faster

AKA Selevtive attention or focused attention

35
Q

Congnitive motor integration

What is the difference between Brodbent and Treisman’s model of attention

A

In Broadbent’s, unattented messages get completely blocked at the filtering stage.
In Treisman’s unattended messages can still progress past filter and be processed depending on their threshold. They will likely be to a much weaker degree

36
Q

Congnitive motor integration

What is working memory

A

a cognitive system with limited capacity that is responsible for temporarily holding info available for processing. Can hold info and mentally work with it.
Important fo reasoning, decision making and behaviour control

37
Q

Neural Control

How can the prefrontal cortex divide

A
  • Dorsolateral prefrontal cotrex (DLPFC)
  • Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC)
  • Ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) & Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)
  • Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)
38
Q

Neural Control

What is the Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex used for

A

Executive functions such as working memory, cognitive flexibility, planning, inhibition/attention

39
Q

Neural Control

What is the Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex used for

A

less understood. Engaged in inferring mental states, state of self and others

40
Q

Neural Control

What are the related roles of the Ventromedial prefrontal cortex and orbitofrontal cortex

A

Inhibition of emotional responses, decision making, self control, risk/reward

41
Q

Neural Control

What is the anterior cingulate cortex used for

A

role in cognitive functions, attention, impulse control, emotion and decision making

42
Q

Neural Control

Explain dual task performance wrt cognitive-motor integration

like walking and talking

A

Reflects impaired executive control and/or impaired gait control
Bottleneck model: limited attentional capacity

for example, in Parkinsons: impaired prefrontal cortex activity and impaired movement control. Both lead to increase in dual task cost

43
Q

Neural Control

Explain top-down vs bottom up filtering of sensory information

Centrifugal vs centripetal (via what)

A
  • Top down control via prefrontal cortex - attention control (eg DLPFC)
  • Bottom up via sensory - sensory modulation (eg rub elbow to eliviate pain)

KIN 255 (6 decks)

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