STUDY FILE - GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT Flashcards
Growth
the increase in height and weight.
Development
the acquisition of skills and abilities.
Both of these are influenced by genetics, environment, and nutrition.
growth & devlopment
Cephalocaudal
head to tail - how we grow - why babies have big heads
Child gains control of their ____ before legs.
head
Proximodistal
starts in the center and progresses to the periphery.
Child gains control of ____ before arms and legs.
trunk section
Differentiation
simple to complex progression of achievement for developmental milestones.
The child ____ before they walk.
crawls
The 5 Stages of growth and development (hint: + + x x +) start w/ 0+1 ,1+2
Infant: birth to 1 year
Toddler: 1 to 3 years
Preschool: 3 to 6 years
School-aged: 6 to 12 years
Adolescence: 12 to 18 years
Infant - what years
birth to 1 year
Toddler - what years
1 to 3 years
Preschool - what years
3 to 6 years
School-aged - what years
6 to 12 years
Adolescence - what years
12 to 18 years
Developmental Milestones Fine Motor 2-3 Months
Grasps toys, can open and close hands
Eyes follow object to midline
Blows bubbles
Developmental Milestones Fine Motor 6-8 Months
Bangs objects on table
Can transfer objects from hand to hand
Start of pincer grasp
Developmental Milestones Fine Motor 1 year
Can hold crayon, may mark on paper
Begins to use objects correctly
Developmental Milestones Fine Motor 2-3 years
Learning to dress self
Can draw simple shapes
Developmental Milestones Fine Motor 4-5 years
Dress independently
Uses scissors
Learning to tie shoes
Brushes teeth
Developmental Milestones Gross Motor 2-3 Months
Raises head and chest when laying on stomach
Supports upper body with arms when lying on stomach
Stretches legs out and kicks when lying on stomach/back
Developmental Milestones Gross Motor 6-8 Months
Can roll from side to side
Can sit unsupported by 7 or 8 months
Supports whole weight on legs
Developmental Milestones Gross Motor 1 year
Pulls self up to stand
Walks holding on to furniture
May walk 2-3 steps independently
Developmental Milestones Gross Motor 2-3 years
Jumps
Kicks ball
Learning to peddle tricycle
Developmental Milestones Gross Motor 4-5 years
Goes up and down stairs independently
Throws ball overhand
Hops on one foot
Growth + Development by Age - Weight of an Infant
Doubles by 5-6 months
Triples by 1 year
Growth + Development by Age - Height of an Infant
Increase of 1 ft by 1 year of age
Growth + Development by Age - Teeth of an Infant
Eruption by 6 months
Has 6-8 deciduous teeth by 1 year of age
Growth + Development by Age - Weight of an Toddler
Gains 8 oz+ a month from 1-2 years
Gains 3-5 lbs a year from 2-3 years
Growth + Development by Age - Height of an Toddler
From 1-2 years of age, grows 3-5 inches per year
From 2-3 years of age, grows 2-2.5 inches per year
Growth + Development by Age - Teeth of an Toddler
By age 3 years, has 20 deciduous teeth
Growth + Development by Age - Weight of an Preschool
Gains 3-5 lbs a year
Growth + Development by Age - Height of an Preschool
Grows 1.5-2.5 inches a year
Growth + Development by Age - Teeth of an Preschool
no data given in PP
Growth + Development by Age - Weight of an School-Age
Gains 3-5 lbs a year
Growth + Development by Age - Height of an School-Age
Grows 1.5-2.5 inches a year
Growth + Development by Age - Teeth of an School-Age
no data given in PP
Growth + Development by Age - Weight of an Adolescence - Girls
Girls (during puberty): gain 15-55 pounds
Growth + Development by Age - Weight of an Adolescence - Boys
Boys (during puberty): gain 15-65 pounds
Growth + Development by Age - Height of an Adolescence - Girls
Girls (during puberty): 2-8 inches. Girls usually stop growing taller ~2 years after menstruation begins.
Growth + Development by Age - Height of an Adolescence - Boys
Boys (during puberty): 4.5-12 inches
Growth + Development by Age - Teeth of an Adolescence
no data given in PP boys or girls
How long does puberty usually last
2-5 years
Girls usually stop growing taller ~2 years after
menstruation begins.
Newborns should be in what type of car seat
a federally approved rear-facing car seat at a 45 degree angle
What is the purpose of the 45 degree angle for car seats
to prevent slumping and airway obstruction.
Newborn infants will need as check-up with the healthcare provider when
72 hours after discharge,
Breast feeding provides what type of diet during the first six months
a complete diet for infants during the first 6 months.
Iron-fortified formula is an acceptable alternative to what.
breast feeding
What diet is not recommended for infants
Cow’s milk is not recommended.
Vitamin D prevents
rickets.
What is recommended for infants who are exclusively breastfed after 4 months of life.
Iron supplements
Avoid what liquids during the first 4 months.
water and juices
Solids are introduced around what age
4-6 months.
Bottle weaning can be done when
the child shows signs of readiness.
Nocturnal sleeping patterns are established by what age
3 to 4 months.
Infants should sleep how many hours a day and night around 4 months
15 to 15 hours a day, and 9 to 11 hours at night
Infants sleep throughout the night and take 1 to 2 naps a day by what age
12 months.
Infants - Injury Prevention - what are the 8 things that are most common injuries
Aspiration of foreign objects (stuff left out)
Bodily harm (formula temps to hot / h20 to hot)
Burns
Drowning (never leave alone in bathtub or near pool)
Falls (never leave unattended on changing table / bad balance)
Poisoning (put things in mouth - that is how babies explore)
MVC (use approved car seat / 45 degree angle)
Suffocation (bags, putting things in mouth)
Three ways to prevent aspiration
Hold for feedings, do not prop bottle
Small objects should be avoided
Age appropriate toys
What immunization is given at Birth
Hep B
What immunizations are given at 2 months
diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis (DTaP); Rotavirus (RV); inactivated poliovirus (IPV); Haemophilus influenzae B (Hib); pneumococcal vaccine (PCV); Hep B.
(DTaP)
diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis (DTaP)
(RV)
Rotavirus (RV);
(IPV)
Inactivated poliovirus (IPV)
(Hib)
Haemophilus influenzae B (Hib);
(PCV)
pneumococcal vaccine (PCV);
What immunizations are given at 4 months
DTaP; RV; IPV; Hib; PCV
What immunizations are given at 6 months
DTaP; IPV (6-18 months); PCV; Hep B (6-18 months); RV; Hib.
What immunizations are given at 6 – 12 months
season flu (trivalent inactivated flu vaccine is available IM).
Establish lifelong eating habits when
in childhood.
Toddlers (1 - 3 Years) are what type of eaters
picky eaters and develop taste preferences.
Toddlers (1 - 3 Years) should consume how much milk each day
24 to 28 oz of milk a day.
When can toddlers (1 - 3 Years) switch to low fat milk
around 2 years old.
In toddlers (1 - 3 Years) limit what liquid
Limit juice consumption.
In toddlers (1 - 3 Years) - Avoid foods that are what type of hazard / and babies for that matter
choking hazards.
Toddler (1 - 3 Years) generally prefer these types of foods for increasing autonomy
finger foods for increasing autonomy.
Toddlers (1 - 3 Years) typically sleep about how many hours a day? Does this include a nap and if so, how many?
about 11 to 12 hours a day, including one nap.
Naps often are eliminated in what toddler (1 - 3 Years)
the older toddler.
Resistance to bedtime and expression of fears is common in what age group
Toddlers
In toddlers (1 - 3 Years) - Maintaining a regular bedtime and bedtime routines are helpful to
promote sleep.
It what age should a toddler (1 - 3 Years) be established with a dentist
by 1 year old.
In toddlers (1 - 3 Years) - Flossing and brushing should be done by whom and when
the caregiver – after meals and at bedtime.
In toddlers (1 - 3 Years) - Dental caries are seen more often in children put to bed with what
juice or milk.
Toddlers (1 - 3 Years) – Injury Prevention
Aspiration of foreign objects
Bodily harm
Burns
Drowning
Falls
MVC
Poisoning
Suffocation
When toddlers (1 - 3 Years) around, firearms should be
locked up
Teach toddlers (1 - 3 Years) about _______ danger
stranger
In toddlers (1 - 3 Years) - to help prevent drowning injuries do these two things
teach to swim; monitor by pools; put up a fence
12 to 15 months
IPV; Hib; PCV; MMR; Varicella.
12 to 23 months
Hep A (given in 2 doses at least 6 months apart).
15 to 18 months
diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis.
12 to 36 months
yearly flu vaccine. (must be at least 2 for nasal spray).
Preschoolers (3-6 Years) consume how mayn calories as compared to adults
half the amount of calories as adults.
Preschoolers (3-6 Years) and Picky eating, what happens?
can continue in this stage, but typically subsides around age 5.
How many grams of protein do preschoolers (3-6 Years) need?
They need 13-19 g/day of protein
Preschoolers (3-6 Years) need adequate amounts of which vitamins and minerals (Hint: FICCA)
calcium, iron, folate, and vitamins A and C.
Preschoolers (3-6 Years) should have how many servings of fruit and veggies each day?
5 servings of fruits and veggies a day
How much screen time should preschoolers (3-6 Years) get?
2 hours or less of screen time
What type of drinks should be avoided in preschoolers (3-6 Years) ?
sugary drinks
How much physical activity should preschoolers (3-6 Years) get
1 hour of physical activity a day. (running / playing, etc. all considered physical activity)
Preschoolers (3-6 Years) on average need how much sleep
about 12 hours of sleep a day
Do preschoolers (3-6 Years) often take naps?
infrequently take naps.
In Preschoolers (3-6 Years) what can happen regarding sleep?
Sleep disturbances can occur.
In preschoolers (3-6 Years) , keep What kind of bedtime schedule
a consistent bedtime routine.
For preschoolers (3-6 Years) use this in the room to help promote sleep
Use a night-light in the room.
For preschoolers (3-6 Years) , provide them with this to help promote sleep
a favorite toy.
For preschoolers (3-6 Years), leave this besdie the bed?
Leave a drink of water by the bed.
Reassure frightened preschooler (3-6 Years), but avoid this?
allowing them to sleep with parents.
Primary teeth eruption is finalized in what age group?
preschoolers
In preschoolers (3-6 Years), parents need to supervise and assist with
teeth brushing and flossing.
in preschoolers (3-6 Years), this type of trauma is common and should be immediately assessed by what type of Dr.?
Tooth trauma, dentist.
Preschoolers (3-6 Years) – Injury Prevention
Bodily Harm
Burns
Drowning
MVC
In preschoolers (3-6 Years), use these items to help prevent bodily harm
Helmets, knee pads, elbow pads
In preschoolers (3-6 Years), when the forward facing car seat is outgrown, what should be used?
a booster seat
In preschoolers (3-6 Years), us an approved car restrain system until when?
they are 4’9” or 8-12 years old.
Which immunizations should happen at 4 to 6 years
DTaP; MMR; Varicella; IPV
Which immunizations should happen at 3 to 6 years
Yearly flu vaccine
By the end of which period should kids eat adult portions?
School-Age (6-12 years)
Obesity is a concern for this group – use methods to help reduce this
School-Age (6-12 years) / WHAT METHODS??
School-Age (6-12 years), sleep is highly variable and depends on
Age
Level of activity
Health status
School-Age (6-12 years) should get approx how much sleep each night by age 11
~9 hours of sleep a night by age 11.
Resistance to bedtime typically resolves around what age?
age 12.
First permanent teeth erupt around what age?
age 6.
School-Age (6-12 years), this regular activity - must?
teeth brushing is a must.
School-Age (6-12 years) should floss how often?
Floss daily.
School-Age (6-12 years) should have regular dr appointments w/ _______and this treatment should be done regularly?
Regular dental appointments.
Regular fluoride treatments
School-Age (6-12 years) – Injury Prevention - most common types of injuries?
Bodily harm
Burns
Drowning
MVC
Poisoning/substance abuse
In schoolage (6-12 years), one way to prevent burns?
Cooking safety
In schoolage (6-12 years), one way to prevent drowning?
No diving!!
In schoolage (6-12 years), one way to prevent substance abuse?
Just say no
School-Age (6-12 years) – Immunizations
Yearly flu vax, Tdap, HPV2 or HPV4, MCV4
schoolage (6-12 years) Yearly flu vaccine can be any one of this type?
either trivalent inactivated flu vaccine or live, attenuated nasal spray. READ CONFIRM
Tdap
diptheria toxoids and pertussis. Is this the same as DTaP? READ
HPV2
??
HPV4
??
MCV4
??
How many doses of HPV2 or HPV4 should schoolage (6-12 years) girls have?
3 doses. CONFIRM IT CAN BE EITHER HPV2 OR HPV 4
How many doses of HPV4 should schoolage (6-12 years) males have?
CONFIRM IT CAN ONLY BE HPV 4. AND HOW MANY DOSES?
Adolescents (12 – 18 years) Rapid growth and high metabolism require increases in which nutritents?
nutrients.
Adolescents (12 – 18 years) Rapid growth and high metabolism require increases in what? (Hint: ZIPC)
Calcium
Iron
Protein
Zinc
Adolescents (12 – 18 years), what type of eating are challenges?
Overeating and undereating are challenges
Adolescents (12 – 18 years) ensure what activity and what type of diet?
physical activity and balanced diet
Sleep habits change with puberty d/t what?
increased metabolism and rapid growth.
Adolescents (12 – 18 years) need for sleep changes how?
increases
Adolescents (12 – 18 years) tend to have what type of sleeping habits?
Tend to stay up late, sleep in.
Braces most common during this time of growth & development?
Adolescents (12 – 18 years)
Adolescents (12 – 18 years) should perform these regular activities?
Regular brushing and flossing.
Adolescents (12 – 18 years) should have dentist appointments when?
Dentist appointments regularly.
Adolescents (12 – 18 years) – Injury Prevention - Most common injuries?
Bodily harm
Burns
Drowning
MVC
Substance abuse
Adolescents (12 – 18 years) - ways to prevent bodily harm
Firearm safety
Sporting equipment use (helmets, pads, etc.)
Adolescents (12 – 18 years) - signs of self harm risk?
Poor school performance
Lack of interest in previously enjoyable activities
Social isolation
Sleep/appetite disturbances
Expression of suicidal thoughts
Adolescents (12 – 18 years) - ways to prevent burns?
Fire safety
Sunscreen
Avoid tanning beds
Adolescents (12 – 18 years) - ways to prevent drowning?
Do not swim alone
Learn to swim
Adolescents (12 – 18 years) - ways to prevent MVC?
Drivers ed
Seat belt use
No cell phone use while driving
No drinking and driving
Role model behavior
Adolescents (12 – 18 years) - ways to prevent substance abuse?
Look for signs of use
Just say no
Have a no-tolerance attitudes
Adolescents (12 – 18 years) sex education should include what topics?
Safe sex
STI
Pregnancy
Adolescents (12 – 18 years) - when discussing sexuality, promote a comfortable atmosphere so they are more inclined to do what?
ask questions
Adolescents (12 – 18 years) - Immunizations
yearly flu vax, MCV4 booster,
What type of yearly flu vax do Adolescents (12 – 18 years) get?
either live or attenuated nasal spray
MCV4 booster is not needed when?
if the first dose was after age 16
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
Development - sequential / orderly process, (simple to complex).
Cognitive acts - child adapts to environment.
Experience w/ environment naturally encourages growth / maturation.
Accommodate to new / complex problems - drawing on past experiences.
Can be overlap - child’s age / stage of development.
Stages start / end differently for everyone.
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development - how many stages
5
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development - what are the stages?
Stage 1: Sensorimotor
Stage 2: Preoperational
Stage 3: Intuitive Thought Phase
Stage 4: Concrete Operational
Stage 5: Formal Operational
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development - stage 1 has how many states?
6
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development - stage 1 6 states are called?
Reflexes
Primary circular reactions
Secondary circular reactions
Coordination of secondary schemata
Tertiary circular reaction
Inventions of new means/mental combinations
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Stage 1 occurs at what age?
Birth to 2 years
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Stage 2 occurs at what age?
2-7 years
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Stage 3 occurs at what age?
4-7 years
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Stage 4 occurs at what age?
7-11 years
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Stage 5 occurs at what age?
11 years to adulthood
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Stage 1 is referred to as?
Sensorimotor
What are the five states of stage 1 of Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
Reflexes
primary circular reactions
secondary circular reactions
coordination of secondary schemata
tertiary circular reaction
inventions of new means / mental combinations
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Stage 1 (AKA sensorimotor stage) state 1 - reflexes state is at what age
(birth - 2 mos)
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Stage 1 (AKA sensorimotor stage) first state - reflexes state (birth - 2 mos) - what is happening?
child understands environment - inborn reflexes (ex: sucking).
What is an example of Piages reflexive state (birth - 2 mos)?
sucking
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Stage 1 (AKA sensorimotor stage) second state - primary circular reactions state is at what age
(1 to 4 months)
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Stage 1 (AKA sensorimotor stage) 2nd state (1 to 4 months) - primary circular reactions state - what is happening?
the child begins to coordinate reflexes and sensations.
What is an example of Piages primary circular reactions state (1 - 4 mos)?
may discover thumb by accident / enjoy sucking thumb. Will return to sucking thumb.
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Stage 1 - state 3 - Secondary circular reactions happens at what age?
(4 to 8 months)
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Stage 1 / state 3 - Secondary circular reactions (4-8 mos) - what is happening?
the child focuses on their environment and begins to repeat actions the will trigger a response. Ex
What is an example of Piages secondary circular reactions state (4-8 mos)?
child buts toy rattle in their mouth.
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Stage 1/state 1 - coordination of secondary schemata happens at what age?
(8-12 mos)
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Stage 1/state 4 (8-12 mos) - coordination of secondary schemata what is happening?
to achieve a desired affect, the child will repeat the action
What is an example of Piaget’s State 4 - coordination of secondary schemata (8-12 mos)?
repeatedly shaking a rattle to make the sound.
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Stage 1 / state 5 - tertiary circular reaction happens at what age?
(12-18 mos)
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Stage 1/state 5 - tertiary circular reaction (12-18 mos) what is happening?
the child begins trial-and-error approaches.
What is an example of Piaget’s Stage 1/state 5 - tertiary circular reaction (12-18 mos)?
making a sound to see whether it will get attention from caregiver.
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Stage 1/state 6 - inventions of new means/mental combinations happens at what age?
(18-24 mos)
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Stage 1/state 6 - inventions of new means/mental combinations (18-24 mos) what is happening?
the child learns that objects and symbols represent events
What is an example of Piaget’s Stage 1/state 6 - inventions of new means (18-24 mos)?
such as that the appearance of a bowl and spoon means dinner time.
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Stage 2 is referred to as?
Preoperational
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Stage 2 (AKA Preoperational stage) what is happening
Application of language.
Use symbols to represent objects.
Ability to think about things / events not immediately present.
Oriented to present; difficulty conceptualizing time.
Thinking influenced by fantasy.
Teaching must account for child’s visual fantasies / undeveloped sense of time.
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Stage 3 is referred to as?
Intuitive Thought Phase
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Stage 3 (AKA Intuitive Thought Phase) what is happening
Less egocentric – thinks of others.
Can think of one idea at a time.
Words used to express thoughts.
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Stage 4 is referred to as?
Concrete Operational
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Stage 4 (AKA Concrete Operational) what is happening
Shows increase in accommodation in skill.
Develops ability to think abstractly/make rational judgements about concrete/observable phenomena.
In teaching, give opportunity to ask questions / explain things back to the nurse. (allows child to mentally manipulate information)
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Stage 5 is referred to as?
Formal Operational
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Stage 5 (AKA Formal Operational) what is happening
This stage brings cognition to its final form.
Individual no longer requires concrete objects to make rational judgements.
Individuals capable of hypothetical/deductive reasoning.
Teaching for adolescents may be wide ranging (as they can consider many possibilities from several perspectives)
Understands actions have consequences.
Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development
Experiences from early childhood form unconscious motivation for things we do later in life.
Sexual feelingspresent in different forms depending on age.
Fixation of development can occur at a specific age if needs not met/conflicts not resolved.
According to Freud, the personality has how many parts
3
According to Freud, what are the parts of the personality?
Id, Ego, Superego
Id
basic sexual energy, present at birth, drives the seeking of pleasure.
Ego
realistic part of a person, develops during infancy, searches for acceptable methods to meet impulses.
Superego
moral / ethical system, develops in childhood, contains values / conscious thought.
How many stages are there in Fredus theory of Psychosexual Development
5
What are the stages of Freuds theory of Psychosexual Development
Stage 1: Oral Stage
Stage 2: Anal Stage
Stage 3: Phallic Stage
Stage 4: Latency Stage
Stage 5: Genital Stage
Freuds theory of Psychosexual Development Stage 1: Oral Stage happens at what age
Birth to 1 year.
Freuds theory of Psychosexual Development Stage 2: Anal Stage happens at what age
1 to 3 years.
Freuds theory of Psychosexual Development Stage 3: Phallic Stage happens at what age
3 to 6 years.
Freuds theory of Psychosexual Development Stage 4: Latency Stage happens at what age
6 to 11 years.
Freuds theory of Psychosexual Development Stage 5: Genital Stage happens at what age
12 years to adulthood.
Freuds theory of Psychosexual Development Stage 1: Oral Stage what is happening
Children in this stage are preoccupied with activities associated with their mouth.
Sexual urges are gratified with oral behaviors: biting, sucking, chewing, and eating.
Children who do not have their oral needs met may become thumb suckers or nail biters.
In adulthood, they may become compulsive eaters or smokers.
Normal development requires not depriving oral gratification, such as weaning too soon or rigid feeding schedule.
Freuds theory of Psychosexual Development Stage 2: Anal Stage what is happening
Preoccupied with the ability to eliminate.
Sexual urges gratified by learning to voluntarily defecate.
Sphincter muscles maturing.
Freuds theory of Psychosexual Development Stage 3: Phallic Stage what is happening
Preoccupation with the genitals.
Girls experience penis envy and wish they had one.
Boys suffer from castration anxiety – the fear of losing the penis.
Children develop incestuous desire for caregivers of the opposite gender.
Oedipal Complex
Electra Complex
Children need to identify with caregiver of same gender to form male or female identity.
Oedipal Complex
??
Electra Complex
??
Freuds theory of Psychosexual Development Stage 4: Latency Stage what is happening
Sexual drives submerged.
Energy focus on socialization and increasing problem-solving abilities.
Appropriate gender roles adopted.
Oedipal and Electra complexes resolved.
Identifies with same-gender peers and same-gender caregiver.
Superego developed to a point where it keep id in control.
Freuds theory of Psychosexual Development Stage 5: Genital Stage what is happening
Struggle with sexuality.
Sexual desires return and are related to physiological changes and fluctuating hormones.
Changing social relationships.
Dealing with struggle of dependence and independence issues with parents.
Learning to form loving, appropriate relationships.
Must manage sexual urges in socially acceptable ways.
Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Theory
The stages address development over the lifespan.
Each stage has a crisis that exists. As each crisis is resolved, personality development occurs.
Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Theory has how many stages
5
Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Theory what are the stages
Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust
Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame + Doubt
Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt
Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority
Stage 5: Identity vs. Role Confusion
Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Theory at what age does Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust happen
Birth to 1 year.
Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Theory at what age does Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame + Doubt happen
1 to 3 years.
Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Theory at what age does Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt happen
3 to 6 years.
Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Theory at what age does Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority happen
6 to 12 years.
Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Theory at what age does Stage 5: Identity vs. Role Confusion happen
12 to 18 years.
Each stage has a what that exists. As each ___ is resolved, _______ development occurs.
crisis, crisis, personality
Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Theory Stage 1 is called
Trust vs. Mistrust
Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Theory Stage 1, what is happening?
An infant requires that basic needs are met – food, clothing, touch, comfort.
If these needs are not met, the infant will develop mistrust of others.
If a sense of trust is developed, the infant will see the world as a safe place.
Play is usually considered a psychosocial activity. In this stage, play is solitary.
Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Theory Stage 2 is called
Autonomy vs. Shame + Doubt
Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Theory Stage 2, what is happening?
The child is learning to control bodily functions.
Independence starts to emerge.
They vocalize by saying no to something and direct their motor activity.
Children who are consistently criticized for showing their independence will develop shame and doubt in their abilities.
Toddler also need to recognize the feelings and needs of others. Excessive autonomy could lead to disregard for and an inability to play with others.
Play during this stage is parallel.
Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Theory Stage 3 is called
Initiative vs. Guilt
Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Theory Stage 3, what is happening?
The preschool child is exposed to new people and new activities. The child becomes involved and very busy.
The child learns about the environment through play.
The child learns new responsibilities and can act based on established principles.
The child develops a conscience.
If the child is constantly criticized for their action it can lead to guilt and a lack of purpose.
Play in this stage is known as associative play.
Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Theory Stage 4 is called
Industry vs. Inferiority
Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Theory Stage 4, what is happening?
The child develops interests and takes pride in accomplishments.
The child enjoys working in groups/ forming social relationships.
Projects are enjoyable.
The child follows rules / order.
Developing a sense of industry provides the child with purpose and confidence in being successful.
If the child is unable to be successful, this can result in a feeling of inferiority.
A child must learn balance, an understanding that they cannot succeed at everything and there is always more to learn.
Play during this stage is known as cooperative play.
Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Theory Stage 5 is called
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Theory Stage 5, what is happening?
Children of this age are preoccupied with how they are seen in the eyes of others.
They are working to establish their own identity.
They are trying out new roles to see what fits for them.
If they are unable to provide meaningful definition of self, they are at risk for role confusion in one or more roles throughout life.
Some confusion - good - results in self-reflection / self-examination.
Nature refers to
the traits, capacities, and limitations that a person inherits.
Nurture refers to
the environmental influences that occur after conception, including the mother’s health before birth and the child’s environment thereafter.
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory Found when children observe violent acts, they
mimicked them.
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory Found when an adult was praised for violent acts
acts, they were more likely to repeat them. ?? CONFIRM
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory Found Children learn from these two things
observation and reward vs. punishment.
In Erickson’s Psychosocial Development Theory at what stage does [requires that basic needs are met ] occur?
Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust
In Erickson’s Psychosocial Development Theory, what happens if basic needs are not met ]?
needs are not met, the infant will develop mistrust of others
In Erickson’s Psychosocial Development Theory Stage 1, what happens if basic needs are met ?
sense of trust is developed, the infant will see the world as a safe place
In Erickson’s Psychosocial Development Theory at what stage is play solitary (considered a psychosocial activity)
Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust
In Erickson’s Psychosocial Development Theory at what stage does learning to control bodily functions occur?
Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame + Doubt
In Erickson’s Psychosocial Development Theory at what stage does Independence start to emerge.?
Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame + Doubt
In Erickson’s Psychosocial Development Theory Stage 2 (Autonomy vs. Shame + Doubt), how does the child vocalize their independence?
saying “no” / directing motor activity
In Erickson’s Psychosocial Development Theory Stage 2, what happens autonomy needs are met ?
autonomy
In Erickson’s Psychosocial Development Theory Stage 2, what happens autonomy needs are NOT met ?
consistently criticized for showing their independence will develop shame and doubt in their abilities.
In Erickson’s Psychosocial Development Theory at what do Toddlers need to recognize the feelings and needs of others?
Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame + Doubt
In Erickson’s Psychosocial Development Theory if there is excessicve autonomy, what can result? At what stage does this happen?
could lead to disregard for and an inability to play with others
Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame + Doubt
In Erickson’s Psychosocial Development Theory at what stage is play parallel
Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame + Doubt
Playing together in a group but being autonomous
In Erickson’s Psychosocial Development Theory at what stage is [child exposed to new people/ activities and becomes involved and very busy. ] occur?
Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt
In Erickson’s Psychosocial Development Theory at what stage does child learns about the environment through play.?
Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt
In Erickson’s Psychosocial Development Theory at what stage does the child develops a conscience.
Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt
(Cannot have a conscience w/out guilt)
In Erickson’s Psychosocial Development Theory Stage 3 Initiative vs. Guilt, what can happen if the child is constantly criticized for their action
can lead to guilt and a lack of purpose.
In Erickson’s Psychosocial Development Theory, at what stage is play known as associative play.
Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt
READ
In Erickson’s Psychosocial Development Theory at what stage does [child develops interests and takes pride in accomplishments. ] occur?
Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority
(THINK OF A FACTORY WORKER (ie industry) - TAKES PRIDE IN CLIMBING THE LADDER / WORKS ON PROJECTS / FOLLOWS COMPANY RULES AND ORDERS
In Erickson’s Psychosocial Development Theory at what stage does [Projects are enjoyable] occur?
Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority
In Erickson’s Psychosocial Development Theory at what stage does [child follows rules and order] occur?
Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority
Developing a sense of industry provides the child with
purpose and confidence in being successful.
In Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority, if the child is unable to be successful, this can result in
a feeling of inferiority (the guy in the factory that did not get a raise like everyone else)
In Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority, the child must learn balance, an understanding that
they cannot succeed at everything and there is always more to learn.
In Erickson’s Psychosocial Development Theory, at what stage is play known as cooperative play.
Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority
(guy on the asembly line in the factory - they have to cooperate to get the job done)
In Erickson’s Psychosocial Development Theory, at what stage are children preoccupied with how they are seen in the eyes of others.
Stage 5: Identity vs. Role Confusion
(when your young - you get your identity from how others view you)
In Erickson’s Psychosocial Development Theory, at what stage are children working to establish their own identity?
How are they doing this?
Stage 5: Identity vs. Role Confusion
trying out new roles to see what fits for them.
In Erickson’s Psychosocial Development Theory, Stage 5: Identity vs. Role Confusion, what can happen if unable to provide meaningful definition of self
at risk for role confusion in one or more roles throughout life
In Erickson’s Psychosocial Development Theory, Stage 5: Identity vs. Role Confusion, why is some confusion good?
will result in self-reflection and self-examination.
In Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development, what can happen if oral needs NOT met? What stage is this?
may become thumb suckers or nail biters.
In adulthood, they may become compulsive eaters or smokers
Stage 1: Oral Stage
In Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development, how are sexual urges met in Stage 1: Oral Stage
Sexual urges are gratified with oral behaviors: biting, sucking, chewing, and eating
In Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development, Normal development requires what?
not depriving oral gratification, such as weaning too soon or rigid feeding schedule
In Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development, at what stage is potty training good to try at? Why?
Stage 2: Anal Stage
Preoccupied with the ability to eliminate
In Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development, at what stage are Sexual urges gratified by learning to voluntarily defecate
Stage 2: Anal Stage
In Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development, at what stage are Sphincter muscles maturing?
Stage 2: Anal Stage
In Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development, at what stage is there a preoccupation w/ genitalia
Stage 3: Phallic Stage
In Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development, at what stage do Boys suffer from castration anxiety – the fear of losing the penis.
Stage 3: Phallic Stage
In Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development, at what stage do Children develop incestuous desire for caregivers of the opposite gender
Stage 3: Phallic Stage
Oedipal Complex
The Oedipus complex is a Freudian term that was named after a man that unknowingly killed his father and slept with his mother. Freud said that a boy develops an unconscious infatuation towards his mother, and simultaneously fears his father to be a rival. This happens at an unconscious level.
Electra Complex
The Electra complex is a term used to describe the female version of the Oedipus complex. It involves a girl, aged between 3 and 6, becoming subconsciously sexually attached to her father and increasingly hostile toward her mother. Carl Jung developed the theory in 1913
In Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development, in Stage 3: Phallic Stage, children need to indentify w/ caregiver of same gender to do what
form male or female identity.
In Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development, in what stage are Sexual drives submerged.
Stage 4: Latency Stage
In Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development, in what atage is Energy focused on socialization and increasing problem-solving abilities
Stage 4: Latency Stage
In Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development, in what stage are Appropriate gender roles adopted.
Stage 4: Latency Stage
In Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development, in what stage are Oedipal and Electra complexes resolved
Stage 4: Latency Stage
In Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development, in what stage does child Identify with same-gender peers and same-gender caregiver
Stage 4: Latency Stage
In Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development, in what stage is Superego developed to a point where it keep id in control.
Stage 4: Latency Stage
In Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development, in what stage is there a Struggle with sexuality.
Stage 5: Genital Stage
In Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development, in what stage do Sexual desires return and what are they related to
Stage 5: Genital Stage
are related to physiological changes and fluctuating hormones
In Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development, in what stage are there Changing social relationships.
Stage 5: Genital Stage
Dealing with struggle of dependence and independence issues with parents happens in what stage of Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development,
Stage 5: Genital Stage
Learning to form loving, appropriate relationships happens in what stage of Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development,
Stage 5: Genital Stage
Trying to manage sexual urges in socially acceptable ways happens in what stage of Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development,
Stage 5: Genital Stage
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development at what stage is the reflexive stage
Stage 1: Sensorimotor / State 1 (0-2 mos)
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development at what stage is the Primary circular reactions
Stage 1: Sensorimotor / State 2 (1 to 4 months)
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development at what stage is the Secondary circular reactions
Stage 1: Sensorimotor / State 3 (4 to 8 months)
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development at what stage is the Coordination of secondary schemata
Stage 1: Sensorimotor / State 4 (8 to 12 months)
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development at what stage is the Tertiary circular reaction
Stage 1: Sensorimotor / State 5 (12 to 18 months):
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development at what stage is the Inventions of new means/mental combinations
Stage 1: Sensorimotor / State 6 (18 to 24 months)
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development, senorimotor stage, how would you teach and stimulate a child?
Providing a range of activities that involve the five senses help them develop their sensory abilities as they move through the substages
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development at what stage is Application of language.
Stage 2: Preoperational
Language development is one of the milestones of this period.
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development at what stage is the Use of symbols to represent objects.
Stage 2: Preoperational
using symbols, as evidenced by the increase in imaginary play
kids learn to represent things in the mind
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development at what stage is the Ability to think about things and events that are not immediately present.
Stage 2: Preoperational
Kids almost always select the scene showing their own view of the mountain scene. Kids experience this issue because they cannot consider another person’s vantage point
CONFIRM IS THIS PEEK A BOO
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development at what stage is the child Oriented to the present; difficulty conceptualizing time
Stage 2: Preoperational
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development at what stage is Thinking influenced by fantasy? Why ?
Stage 2: Preoperational
FIND OUT WHY?
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development, if a child is betweenn 2-7 years, teaching must accoutn for what? What is an Ex.
child’s visual fantasies and undeveloped sense of time.
Ex: Use concrete props and visual aids whenever possible.
Make instruction relatively short– not too many steps at once.
Use actions as well as words.
Help children develop their ability to see the world from someone else’s point of view.
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development at what stage is the child Less egocentric – thinks of others.
Stage 3: Intuitive Thought Phase
(intuitively picking up on cues of others emotions)
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development at what stage - Can think of one idea at a time.
Stage 3: Intuitive Thought Phase
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development at what stage - Words used to express thoughts
Stage 3: Intuitive Thought Phase
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development, if a child is betweenn 2-7 years, teaching must accoutnfor what? What is an Ex.
Children in this substage of development learn by asking questions such as, “Why?” and “How come?”
children become more dependent on intuition and curiosity rather than perception. Even though at this stage, children are only able to use their little experience, they are more interested in asking questions in an attempt to understand how everything works.
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development at what stage is there an increase in accommodation in skill? What are some examples?
Stage 4: Concrete Operational
When the child encounters a horse, they might assimilate this information and immediately call the animal a dog. The process of accommodation then allows the child to adapt the existing schema to incorporate the knowledge that some four-legged animals are horses
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development at what stage - Develops an ability to think abstractly and to make rational judgements about concrete or observable phenomena? What is an Example?
Stage 4: Concrete Operational
For example, the child can understand principles of cause and effect, size, and distance.
Conservation. You pour a tall cup of soda into a shorter cup. …
Classification and decentralization. Run Piaget’s experiment . …
Sociocentricity. When you’re not feeling well and are resting on the couch with your eyes closed, does your child bring you your favorite blanket?
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development, in Stage 4 - Concrete Operational, use what teaching method? Ex?
give the opportunity to ask questions and explain things back to the nurse. This allows the child to mentally manipulate information
Continue the use of concrete props and visual aids.
Continue to give students a chance to manipulate and test objects.
Make sure presentations and readings are brief and well-organized.
models, to illustrate different ideas and concepts. Using real-life examples to paint complex ideas, like word problems in math. Providing chances to classify or group information
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development, if a child is betweenn 2-7 years, teaching must accoutnfor what? What is an Ex.
When the child encounters a horse, they might assimilate this information and immediately call the animal a dog. The process of accommodation then allows the child to adapt the existing schema to incorporate the knowledge that some four-legged animals are horses
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development at what stage does cognition develop to its final form.
Stage 5: Formal Operational
(You have your FORMAL education, you are ready to get a job and OPERATE)
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development at what stage - individual no longer requires concrete objects to make rational judgements
Stage 5: Formal Operational
Individuals are capable of hypothetical and deductive reasoning
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development, in Stage 5 - Formal Operational, Teaching for adolescents may be wide ranging because
they can consider many possibilities from several perspectives
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development, in Stage 5 - Formal Operational, children understand that actions have
consequences
