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BIOlogy 10 > study exam 1 > Flashcards

study exam 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Characteristics of Living Things

A
  • Organization and order,
    • Metabolism*,
    • Regulation(homeostasis)*,
    • Response to environment (stimuli),
    • Growth and development,
    • contain for macromolecules (Nucleic acids, Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids),
    • DNA,
      Evolution
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2
Q

fourmainmacromolecules

A

Nucleic acids,
Proteins,
Carbohydrates,
Lipids

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3
Q

The Process of Science

A

Process of examination and discovery

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4
Q

The scientific method

A

Observation-Hypothesis-Prediction-Experiments-Conclusion

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5
Q

The smallest unit of biological structure that meets the functional requirements of “living” is the ________.

A
  • cell
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6
Q

A suggested and testable explanation for an event is called a ________.

A

hypothesis

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7
Q

L2
Parts of an atom

A

Atoms contain protons, neutrons, and electrons

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8
Q

L2
Electric Charge of protons, neutrons, and electrons

A

Protons have a positive charge, neutrons have a neutral charge, electrons have a negative charge.

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9
Q

L2
Ionic Bonds

A

When electrons are taken and not shared

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10
Q

L2
Covalent bonds

A

When two atoms share an electron

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11
Q

L2
Non-polar covalent

A

electrons are shared equally

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12
Q

L2
Polar Covalent bonds

A

electrons are shared unequally

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13
Q

L2
Hydrogen bonds

A

a weak bond between partially positively charged hydrogen atoms and partially negatively charged elements or molecules

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14
Q

L3
Hydrophobic vs Hydrophilic

A

Hydrophobic is water fearing and hydrophilic is water loving

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15
Q

L3
Cohesion

A

Tendency of molecules of the same kind to stick together (water + water)

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16
Q

L3
Adhesion

A

Tendency of difficult molecules to stick together(water + anything other than water)

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17
Q

L3
When temp rises in water

A

The hydrogen bonds break causing the molecules to jumble and evaporate

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18
Q

L3
When temp lowers in water

A

The hydrogen bonds strengthen and hold the molecules apart making ice less dense than water

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19
Q

L3
Acidic Ph =

A

pH<7
High concentration of h+ ions in solution

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20
Q

L3
Neutral Ph =

A

pH = 7
Equal concentration of H+ ions and OH- ions in solution

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21
Q

L3
Basic Ph=

A

pH>7
Lower concentration of H+ ions in solution

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22
Q

L3
Buffers

A

Substances that minimize changes in pH by either taking H+ when the ion has too many or donating when the ion has too little

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23
Q

L3
Which type of bond represents a weak chemical bond?

A

Hydrogen bond

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24
Q

L3
5. Which of the following statements is not true?
a. Water is polar.
b. Water stabilizes temperature.
c. Water is essential for life.
d. Water is the most abundant atom in Earth’s atmosphere.

A

d. water is the most abundant atom in earth’s atmosphere.

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25
Q

L3
6. Using a pH meter, you find the pH of an unknown solution to be 8.0. How would you describe this solution?
a. weakly acidic
b. strongly acidic
c. weakly basic
d. strongly basic

A

A. weakly acidic

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26
Q

L3
7. The pH of lemon juice is about 2.0, whereas tomato juice’s pH is about 4.0. Approximately how much of an increase in hydrogen ion concentration is there between tomato juice and lemon juice?
a. 2 times
b. 10 times
c. 100 times
d. 1000 times

A

c. 100 times

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27
Q

L3
8. An example of a monosaccharide is ________.
a. fructose
b. glucose
c. galactose
d. all of the above

A

d. all of the above

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28
Q

L3
9. Cellulose and starch are examples of ________.
a. monosaccharides
b. disaccharides
c. lipids
d. Polysaccharides

A

d. polysaccharides

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29
Q

L3
Phospholipids are important components of __________.
a. the plasma membrane of cells
b. the ring structure of steroids
c. the waxy covering on leaves
d. the double bond in hydrocarbon chains

A

a. the plasma membrane of cells

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30
Q

L3
11. The monomers that makeup proteins are called _________.
a. nucleotides
b. disaccharides
c. amino acids
d. chaperones

A

c. amino acids

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31
Q

Why can some insects walk on water?

A

The weight of the insect and the surface tension of the water to walk on water. The water is more cohesive at the surface

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32
Q

L3
Explain at least three functions that lipids serve in plants and/or animals.

A

a. They serve as structural components of cell membrane
b. Save energy
c. Provide insulation for the environment*

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33
Q

L3
Explain what happens if even one amino acid is substituted for another in a polypeptide chain. Provide a specific example.

A

This causes a change in protein structure and function (ie sickle cell anemia)

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34
Q

cellulose is

A

a polysaccharide that makes up the cell walls of plants and provides structural support to the cell

35
Q

L4
Carbohydrates serve as

A

energy sources and structural support in cells

36
Q

Glucose is

A

The main energy source for cellular work

37
Q

L4
Plants store glucose for energy in

A

starch and cellulose

38
Q

L4
Animals store glucose in

A

Glycogen

39
Q

L4
Plants link glucose into…

A

cellulose fiber for structural support

40
Q

L4
Plant-eating animals have…

A

bacteria living in their digestive system that can digest cellulose

41
Q

L4
Lipids are…

A

a class of macromolecules that are nonpolar and insoluble in water

42
Q

L4
why are lipids hydrophobic?

A

Lipids have no charged areas and water sticks to things that have charged groups. Since there is no charged groups water has nothing to stick to.

43
Q

L4
Saturated fatty acids are…

A

animal fats and are saturated with hydrogen molecules

44
Q

L4
Unsaturated fatty acids are

A

plant fats and have carbon-carbon double bonds which make the strands bent.

45
Q

L4
Phospholipids and cell membranes

A

a major part of the membranes of cells; composed of two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to the glycerol backbone

46
Q

L4
Phospholipid bilayers

A

hydrophilic heads on the outer and hydrophobic tails on inner

47
Q

L4
Structural proteins

A

provide support

48
Q

L4
Storage Proteins

A

provide amino acids for growth

49
Q

L4
Contractile proteins

A

help movement

50
Q

L4
Transport proteins

A

help transport substances

51
Q

L4
Enzymes

A

help chemical reactions

52
Q

L4
what is the monomer for the polymer proteins?

A

Amino acids

53
Q

L4
What is the polymer for the monomer amino acids?

A

Proteins

54
Q

L4
Aquaporin

A

a channel for water to enter or leave a cell

55
Q

L4
peptide bonds

A

covalent bonds between two amino acids

56
Q

L4
every amino acid has the following general structure

A

amino group, central c, Carboxyl group

57
Q

L4
nucleic acids

A

a biological macromolecule that carries the genetic information of a cell and carries instructions for the functioning of the cell

58
Q

L4
role of DNA

A

The DNA holds the information for how to build every protein in the cell

59
Q

L4
Every nucleotide has the following three components:

A

a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

60
Q

L4
• 5 bases found in nucleotide are:

A

○ Adenine (A)
○ Guanine (G)
○ Cytosine (C )
○ Thymine (T)
○ Uracil (U)

61
Q

L4
In DNA-(pairs)

A

(A) pairs with (T), (G) pairs with (C )

62
Q

L4
In RNA-(pairs)

A

(A) pairs with (U), (G) pairs with (C )

63
Q

L5
First lesson of the microscope

A

All living things are made up of cells

64
Q

L5
3 Cell theories:

A

-Cells are the simplest unit that can carry out all functions of life
-All living things are composed of one or more cells(organismal functions have basis in cell function
-New cells are created by previous cells

65
Q

L5
A High SA-to-V ratio is required for…

A

sufficient exchange

66
Q

L5
Surface area(SA) =

A

Height (H) * width (W) * Number of boxes

67
Q

L5
Volume (V) =

A

HW Length (L) * number of boxes

68
Q

L5
Domains of life:

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

69
Q

L5
Characteristics of Prokaryotic Cells

A

No true neucleus
No membrane bound organelles
Unicellular

70
Q

L5
Characteristics of Eukaryotic Cells

A

Membrane bound organelles
Unicellular and/or multicellular
Bigger and have more internal compartments

71
Q

L5
vesicles definition

A

a small, membrane-bound sac that functions in cellular storage and transport; its membrane is capable of fusing with the plasma membrane and the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus

72
Q

L5
Cytoskeleton

A

the network of protein fibers that collectively maintains the shape of the cell, secures some organelles in specific positions, allows cytoplasm and vesicles to move within the cell,

73
Q

L5
Golgi apparatus

A

a eukaryotic organelle made up of a series of stacked membranes that sorts, tags, and packages lipids and proteins for distribution

74
Q

L5
Lysosome

A

an organelle in an animal cell that functions as the cell’s digestive component; it breaks down proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and even worn-out organelles

75
Q

L5
6. Which of these do all prokaryotes and eukaryotes share?

a. nuclear envelope
b. cell walls
c. organelles
d. plasma membrane
A

d. plasma membrane

76
Q

L5
8. Which of the following is found both in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

	a. nucleus
	b. mitochondrion
	c. vacuole
	d. Ribosome
A

d. Ribosome

77
Q

L5
9. Which of the following is not a component of the endomembrane system?

a. mitochondrion
b. Golgi apparatus
c. endoplasmic reticulum
d. lysosome
A

a. mitochondrion

78
Q

L5
11. The tails of the phospholipids of the plasma membrane are composed of _____ and are _______?

a. phosphate groups; hydrophobic
b. fatty acid groups; hydrophilic
c. phosphate groups; hydrophilic
d. fatty acid groups; hydrophobic
A

a. phosphate groups; hydrophobic

79
Q

L5
12. Water moves via osmosis _________.

a. throughout the cytoplasm
b. from an area with a high concentration of other solutes to a lower one
c. from an area with a low concentration of solutes to an area with a higher one
d. from an area with a low concentration of water to one of higher concentration
A

b. from an area with a high concentration of other solutes to a lower one

80
Q

L5
13. The principal force driving movement in diffusion is __________.

a. temperature
b. particle size
c. concentration gradient
d. membrane surface area
A

c. concentration gradient

81
Q

L5
14. Active transport must function continuously because __________.

a. plasma membranes wear out
b. cells must be in constant motion
c. facilitated transport opposes active transport
d. diffusion is constantly moving the solutes in the other direction
A

d. diffusion is constantly moving the solutes in the other direction

82
Q

L5
17. In the context of cell biology, what do we mean by form follows function? What are at least two examples of this concept?

A

The form of the body part depends on its function.

83
Q

L5
20. Where does the cell get energy for active transport processes?

A

It harvests energy from its own ATP produced by its own metabolism.

84
Q

L5
Motor proteins

A

category of cellular Use ATP as a source of energy to promote movement.

BIOlogy 10 (4 decks)

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