Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Evolution =

A

the theory that all life on earth descended from a common ancestor with modifications of genetic material leading to different types of organisms

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2
Q

Linnaeus believed -

A

species did not change over time (immutable)

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3
Q

Lamarck believed -

A

an individual may develop certain traits that it passes on to its offspring

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4
Q

Natural selection -

A

The process through which the most fit individuals pass on their genes to the next generation

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5
Q

Darwin and Wallace proposed that -

A

present day species are the descendants of ancient ancestors that they still resemble in some ways

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6
Q

Who proposed natural selection? -

A

Darwin

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7
Q

Evidence of evolution

A

-Animals are very similar- think about early stages of embryos OR
similar skeletal structure (homologous structures)
- DNA and/or RNA as genetic blueprint
- Geography of similar animals (continental drift)
- Direct observation, like antibiotic-resistant bacteria (within 30 years)
-fossils

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8
Q

Fossils

A

document differences between - past and present organisms

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9
Q

Daphne Major island in 1977-

A

reduced the number of small seeds available to finches, causing many of the small beaked finches to die. This caused an increase in the finches’ average beak size to be between 1976 and 1978

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10
Q

Be able to analyze and interpret Evolutionary Trees

A

The ancestors are located at each branching point in the tree (nodes). Each node represents the most reacent common ancestor of all the branches coming off of it. Nodes that are farther away from the tips of the treee represent older ancestors. Do not count the steps. COMPARE THE MOST RECENT COMMON ANCESTORS

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11
Q

Selective Pressures

A

forces which favor certain traits and decide which organisms pass their genes to the next generation

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12
Q

Natural Selection

A

The process through which the fittest individuals pass on their genes to the next generation

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13
Q

Genetic mutation is the source of -

A

new adaptions and variations within a population.

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14
Q

Sexual Selection

A

Selection of traits with no apparent use besides attracting mates

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15
Q

Why is variation allowed?

A

because most traits are not under any (or under very limited) selective pressure most of the time

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16
Q

the source of new adaptations and variation within a population

A

Genetic mutation

17
Q

Lack of selection

A

neutral mutations

18
Q

Directional selection

A

when enviornmental pressures favor one phenotype over the other. (white moth black tree)

19
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

Elimination of extremes (dark, gray, white mice)

20
Q

Disruptive selection-

A

Occurs when pressures select against the mean and for the extremes

21
Q

Fittest=

A

good enough to pass on offspring and pass on traits.

22
Q

More evolved =

A

better / Evolution has no goal

23
Q

Which scientific concept did Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace independently discover?

A

Natural selection

24
Q

Which of the following situations will lead to natural selection?
a. The seeds of two plants land near each other and one grows larger than the other.
b. Two types of fish eat the same kind of food, and one is better able to gather food than the other.
c. Male lions compete for the right to mate with females, with only one possible winner.
d. all of the above

A

all of the above

25
Q

What is the difference between micro- and macroevolution?

A

Microevolution describes the evolution of populations, while macroevolution describes the emergence of new species over long periods of time.

26
Q

The wing of a bird and the arm of a human are examples of ________.

A

homologous structures

27
Q

The fact that DNA sequences are more similar in more closely related organisms is evidence of what?

A

descent with modification

28
Q

Which situation would most likely lead to allopatric speciation?

A

a. A flood causes the formation of a new lake.
b. A storm causes several large trees to fall down.
c. A mutation causes a new trait to develop.
d. An injury causes an organism to seek out a new food source.

29
Q

Which variable increases the likelihood of allopatric speciation taking place more quickly?

A

longer distance between divided groups

30
Q

Describe natural selection and give an example of natural selection at work in a population.

A

Natural Selection is the process through which individuals pass on their genes to the next generations. The venom of a certain salamander species becoming more poisonous as predation by snakes increases

31
Q

Why do scientists consider vestigial structures evidence for evolution?

A

Most structures do not exist in an organism without serving some function either presently or in the past.

32
Q

Two species of fish had recently undergone sympatric speciation. The males of each species had a different coloring through which females could identify and choose a partner from their own species. After some time, pollution made the lake so cloudy it was hard for females to distinguish colors. What might take place in this situation?

A

Two different species may begin to mate with each other and depending on the offspring they might fuse into one species