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Evaluative Sciences II > Study Designs > Flashcards

Study Designs Flashcards

1
Q

What are observational studies?

A

they observe the outcomes without intervening to affect them

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2
Q

What are experimental studies?

A

the researcher manipulates the exposure (usually a drug or treatment) to compare it to the standard of care

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3
Q

What are three types of observational studies?

A
  1. Cohort
  2. Case Control
  3. Cross-sectional
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4
Q

In cohort studies, subjects are selected based on their _______.

A

exposure status

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5
Q

True or False: Cohort studies follow participants in time.

A

True

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6
Q

Two types of cohort studies: ____ and ____

A

prospective

retrospective

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7
Q

Prospective Cohort studies compare disease prevalence in the ______ and _______.

A

exposed and unexposed

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8
Q

What are retrospective cohort studies?

A

they begin with the exposure of interest and probe back for exposure information

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9
Q

What are cohort studies particularly useful for?

A

assessing RARE EXPOSURE and rapidly fatal diseases

if the exposure hurt use a cohort

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10
Q

True or False: Cohort studies can evaluate multiple diseases/outcomes from a given exposure.

A

True

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11
Q

Cohort studies can calculate ____ among exposed and unexposed.

A 
INCIDENCE
#new cases during a specific time

iNcidence = New

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12
Q

True or False: Cohort studies are inefficient for rare diseases.

A

True,

inefficient for rare DISEASES but good for rare exposures

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13
Q

What are case-control studies?

A

Subjects are selected based on their disease status

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14
Q

True or False: In case-control studies, the diseased are compared to the non-diseased, which should differ only in past exposure.

A

True

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15
Q

Case-control studies can demonstrate risk ______ due to the retrospective nature of the design.

A

INDICATORS

not risk factors

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16
Q

Participants in a case-control study are chosen based on their _____ status. Therefore, at the beginning of the study, it is unknown who has been _____.

A

disease

exposed to the risk indicators

17
Q

In a case-control study, the cases and controls must have had an equal chance of _____.

A

being exposed

18
Q

Which study is best for rare EXPOSURES?

A

cohort

19
Q

Which study is best for rare DISEASES?

A

case-control

20
Q

True or False: Case-control studies can be used for diseases with a long latency period.

A

True

21
Q

True or False: Case-control studies allow for the evaluation of multiple exposures that may increase risk for disease.

A

True

22
Q

Case-control studies ____ directly compute incidence of disease in exposed/non-exposed persons. Cohort studies ____ directly compute incidence of disease in exposed/non-exposed persons.

A 
Case-control= CANNOT
Cohort= CAN
23
Q

True or False: Case-control studies can establish temporal relationships.

A

False

24
Q

Case-control studies are prone to errors in _______ and ______.

A

selection of cases

collection of information

25
Q

What are cross-sectional studies?

A

point in time or “snapshot” studies that do not select patients based on exposure or disease

26
Q

True or False: Cross-sectional studies are the most basic study design.

A

True

27
Q

True or False: Cross-sectional studies do not need explained etiologic objectives.

A

True

28
Q

What are the study designs for experimental studies?

A

Randomized Clinical Trial

Community intervention Trial

29
Q

Randomized Clinical Trials are a sub-type of _____ studies because exposure is randomly assigned by the investigator.

A

cohort

30
Q

_______ is the process by which each participant’s treatment is determined by an undescribed mechanism

A

Randomization

31
Q

What is the primary purpose of randomization?

A

minimizing confounding- create groups that are not determine by any factor other than chance

32
Q

_____ is the process by which the investigator and/or participant do not know which arm the participant is in

A

blinding

33
Q

In a single-blind experiment, the ____ does not know which group the participant is in.

A

participant

34
Q

In a double-blind experiment, _____ knows which group the participant is in.

A

neither the investigator or participant

35
Q

What is information bias?

A

drawing different conclusions depending on their knowledge of which study arm a participant is in

36
Q

What is selection bias?

A

study recruiters can be eager to recruit persons into the experimental arm based on their disease status

37
Q

What are three important considerations in experimental studies?

A
  1. stopping rules
  2. sample size
  3. analysis and interpretation
38
Q

What is a systematic review?

A

complete summary of the literature

39
Q

What is a meta-analysis?

A

combined analysis of data from different studies following strict guidelines

Evaluative Sciences II (5 decks)

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