Study Designs

Question 1

? Studies: researcher does not intervene or manipulate conditions; just gather information

Answer 1

Observational Studies

Question 2

? Studies: results are measures of association and correlation, not causation

Answer 2

Observational Studies

Question 3

? studies: researcher does no manipulation, just collect data, “watch and wait” for outcomes. Outcome is measured after exposure

Answer 3

Prospective studies

Question 4

? Studies: outcome is measured before the exposure (can be from non-research data)

Answer 4

Retrospective studies

Question 5

Observational studies include:

Answer 5

• Cross-sectional studies
• Case-control studies
• Cohort studies

Question 6

? studies: measure expose and outcome simultaneously

Answer 6

Cross-sectional studies

Question 7

NHANES and BRFSS are examples of

Answer 7

Cross-sectional studies (exposure and outcome measured at the same time)

Question 8

? studies efficient when starting to explore as issue

Answer 8

cross-sectional studies

Question 9

? studies: measure outcome at start of study and go backwards to measure exposure

Answer 9

case-control studies

Question 10

advantage of ? study is you can look at multiple exposures which is efficient for rare conditions. subject to recall bias since it’s based on memory

Answer 10

case-control studies

Question 11

? study: exposure it measured before the outcome develops.

Answer 11

Cohort studies

Question 12

_____ can be prospective or retrospective

Answer 12

Cohort studies

Question 13

? studies: (+) standardized measurement, cheaper than randomized trial
(-) lack of randomization, can be very long

Answer 13

cohort studies

Question 14

—– variable affects the ——variable

Answer 14

independent (x), dependent (y)

Question 15

_____: is what you manipulate
_____: is what you measure

Answer 15

Independent
Dependent

Question 16

? studies: researches manipulate the environment.

Answer 16

Experimental studies

Question 17

_____ are randamized controlled trials

Answer 17

Experimental studies

Question 18

All randomized controlled trials are____

Answer 18

prospective

Question 19

Other factors and circumstances

Answer 19

confounders

Question 20

Recipients feel like they are getting an intervention, believe in it, and show improved outcomes

Answer 20

Placebo

Question 21

If a study is randomized, one can infer____ and not ___ or____

Answer 21

causation, not correlation or association

Question 22

____ refers to a statistical parameter often called r. you can measure quantitatively but only for linear relationship

Answer 22

Correlation

Question 23

Positive Correlation

Answer 23

X and Y increase or decrease together

Question 24

Negative Correlation

Answer 24

as X increases Y decreases, or as X decrease, Y increases

Question 25

Correlation coefficient r can range from

Answer 25

-1 to +1

Question 26

A perfect positive correlation is ___ and a perfect negative correlation is ____

Answer 26

+1, _1.

Question 27

A stronger correlation is going to be an r closer to ___ or ____ such as _____

Answer 27

+1 and -1 such as +0.80 and -0.80