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Research Concepts > Epidemiology Methods and Biostatistics > Flashcards

Epidemiology Methods and Biostatistics Flashcards

1
Q

?: extent at which an instrument measures what it is supposed to measure

A

Validity

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2
Q

?: general accuracy of the measure

A

Validity

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3
Q

4 types of validity

A
  • Face validity
  • Content validity
  • Construct validity
  • Criterion validity
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4
Q

?: is the question/ first look/ overall structure valid at first glance

A

Face validity

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5
Q

?: does it measure what it is intended to measure

A

Content validity

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6
Q

?: ability to measure abstract concept adequately, it it designed to measure well

A

Construct validity

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7
Q

?: extend to which measurement able to produce accurate findings when compared to gold standard

A

Criterion Validity

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8
Q

?: is degree to which a measurement produces consistent outcomes

A

Reliability

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9
Q

3 types of reliability:

A

1- Test-restest reliability
2- internal consistency
3- inter-rater reliability

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10
Q

?: refers to repeatability. Such as food frequency questionnaire

A

Test-restest reliability

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11
Q

?: similar questions give similar answers to same subject

A

Internal consistency

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12
Q

?: looks at consistency and agreement between two experts; same questions by two different administrators

A

inter-rater reliability

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13
Q

____ is related to general accuracy

A

Validity

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14
Q

____ is related to general precision

A

Reliability

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15
Q

____ is related to validity and accuracy

A

Bias

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16
Q

____ is related to reliability and precision

A

Random Error

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17
Q

Bias is:

A

systematic error

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18
Q

Precision is:

A

random error

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19
Q

Types of Bias

A
  • Observer Effect
  • Social Desirability Bias
  • Selection Bias
  • Sampling error
  • Reporting bias
  • Publication bias
  • Measurement error
  • Misclassification error
  • Nonresponse bias
  • Healthy volunteer bias
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20
Q

?: researcher or interviewer body language or intonation affects participant’s response

A

Observer Effect

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21
Q

?: when participant responds in a way they think they should

A

Social desirability bias

22
Q

?: ppl decide to include in study dont represent population aimed to study. MAIN THREATS to VALIDITY AND GENERALIZABILITY

A

Selection bias

23
Q

?: when data points used in analysis don’t represent entire population of data

A

Sampling error

24
Q

?: direction or statistical significance of results influence whether or how research is reported

A

Reporting bias

25
Q

?: when papers finding a null hypothesis are not submitted to review, or or not selected for publication

A

Publication bias

26
Q

?: random error, miscalibrated instrument, imprecision

A

Measurement error

27
Q

?: wrong category placement

A

Misclassification error

28
Q

?: not enough answers or data collection when send out surveys (1000 send vs 100 responds)

A

Non-response bias

29
Q

?: healthy ppl participate in healthy surveys

A

Healthy volunteer bias

30
Q

?: how valid and close to the truth

A

Accuracy

31
Q

?: having frequent similar results not necessarily close to truth

A

Precision

32
Q

?: the ability of a test to correctly identify those with a disease

A

Sensitivity

33
Q

?: ability of a test to correctly identify those without a disease as disease free

A

Specificity

34
Q

Sensitivity formula

A

TP/ TP + FN

35
Q

Specificity Formula

A

TN/ FP + TN

36
Q

?: probability that a pt has the disease given a positive screening test value

A

Positive Predictive Value PPV

37
Q

?: probability pt does not have disease given negative screening test value

A

Negative predictive value NPV

38
Q

PPV Formula

A

TP/ TP + FP

39
Q

NPV Formula

A

TN/ FN + TN

40
Q

?: number of existing disease cases during a period of time

A

Prevalence

41
Q

?: number of new disease cases that develop over a period of time

A

Incidence

42
Q

PPV increase with increasing ____

A

Prevalence

43
Q

?: state of being unhealthy, not in good health, or with disease

A

Morbidity

44
Q

?: refers to death

A

Mortality

45
Q

?: measure of association between a dependent and independent variable

A

Odds ratio

46
Q

?: average across a population

A

Mean

47
Q

?: 50th percentile

A

Median

48
Q

?: most frequent value

A

Mode

49
Q

With a negative skew, ____is lower than ____

A

Mean is lower than median

50
Q

With positive skew, ____is higher than ____

A

Mean is higher than median

51
Q

?: way to describe spread of a distribution

A

Standard deviation

Research Concepts (3 decks)

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